Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Cytoskeletal Proteins: Molecular Mechanism and Biological Significance

Table 1

Known human cytoskeletal proteins in the nucleus.

	MW (kDa)	Primary localization	Binding partners in the nucleus	Related nuclear functions	Reference
actin	42	cytoskeleton	RNA polymerase I/ II/III, transcription factor, chromatin remodeling complex, hnRNP, nuclear lamina, NPC, and so forth	transcription, DNA repair, mRNA transport, gene reprogramming	[1, 6]
nuclear myosin	120	nucleus	RNA polymerase I/II	transcription	[7, 8]
myosin II	228	cytoplasm	RNA polymerase II	transcription	[9]
myosin Va	215	cytoplasm			[10]
myosin Vb	214	nucleus	RNA polymerase I	transcription	[11]
myosin VI	149	cytoplasm	RNA polymerase II	transcription	[12]
cofilin-1	19	cytoplasm	RNA polymerase II	transcription	[13]
N-WA5P	55	cytoplasm	RNA polymerase II	transcription	[14, 15]
Arp4	48	nucleus	chromatin remodeling complex	histone modification, transcription, DNA repair	[16]
Arp5	68	nucleus	chromatin remodeling complex	transcription, DNA repair	[16]
Arp6	46	nucleus	chromatin remodeling complex, HP1	transcription, heterochromatin formation	[16]
Arp8	71	nucleus	chromatin remodeling complex, mitotic chromosomes	transcription, DNA repair, chromosome segregation	[16]
actinin-4	105	cytoskeleton	chromatin remodeling complex	transcription	[2, 17]
𝛼ll spectrin	285	cytoskeleton	FANCA, FANCG, XPF	DNA repair	[18, 19]
βIV spectrin ∑5	72	nucleus	PML body	formation of PML bodies	[4]
nesprins	1011/799	nuclear envelope	lamin A/C, ERK1/2, PML body	formation of nuclear envelope, signal transduction	[20, 21]
BPAG1	650	cytoskeleton			[22]
β-catenin	85	cell adhesion	LEF-1	transcription	[23, 24]
zyxin	61	cell adhesion		transcription	[25]
LPP	66	cell adhesion	PEA3	transcription	[26, 27]
βll-tubulin	50	cytoskeleton	N1IC	signal transduction	[28, 28]
γ-tubulin	51	centrosome	RAD51	DNA repair	[29]
vimentin	54	cytoskeleton	DNA (in vitro)	transcription, nuclear architecture	[30, 31]