Chelators in the Treatment of Iron Accumulation in Parkinson's Disease

Table 1

Iron chelators in brief. Summary of key information regarding iron chelators currently undergoing research as possible PD therapies.

Chelator name	BBB-permeable	Stage of research	Relevant findings	References
Synthetic
Desferal	No	Clinically used for systemic iron accumulation. Cellular and animal models of PD	Neuroprotective in rat 6-OHDA model	[64]
Deferiprone	Yes	Phase II trials	Efficacious. Can reduce iron levels but not always with symptomatic improvement	[65, 66]
Apomorphine	Yes	Animal models	Effective against iron-induced toxicity and MPTP-induced cell death	[67]
VK-28	Yes	Animal models	Protective in 6-OHDA rat model	[68]
M30	Yes	Animals models	MAO-A and -B inhibitor. Selective.; Effective in MPTP mouse model	[69]
M10	Yes	Cell culture	Hydroxide scavenger. Inhibits lipid peroxidation	[70, 71]
CQ	Yes	Animal models	Neuroprotective in MPTP mouse model	[72, 73]
Natural
EGCG	Yes	Animal models	Multiple protective actions. Can be used in combination with rasagiline.; Effective in MPTP mouse model but not in 6-OHDA rat model	[74, 75]
Phytic acid	Unknown	Cell culture	Protects against MPP^+ and 6-OHDA toxicity in normal and excess iron	[76, 77]