Multiple electron transfer pathways for oxidative protein folding in the ER, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of plant cells. (a) ERO1-dependent and PDI-dependent pathways in the ER. (b) VKOR-TRX-dependent, Zn finger protein-dependent, and PDI-dependent pathways in chloroplasts. LTO1 is indicated as VKOR-TRX. LQY1 and CYO1 are indicated as ZnfP. (c) ERV1-MIA40-meditaed pathway in mitochondria. One-electron carrier cytochrome c is indicated as cyt c. and represent unidentified de novo disulfide-generating enzymes and electron acceptors, respectively. Whether de novo disulfide-generating enzymes () are involved in the LQY1-dependent and CYO1-dependent disulfide transfer pathways is not clear.
