Traffic Control of Bacteria-Derived Molecules: A New System of Host-Bacterial Crosstalk

Table 1

Recognition systems for microorganisms.

Recognition systems				Functions	References
	Sensors	Effective molecules	Microorganisms
Receptors	TLR1/TLR2; TLR2/TLR6	Lipopeptide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, lipoarabinomannan, lipoproteins	Gram-positive bacteria	Activation of NF-𝜅B	[16–20]
	TLR3	Double-strand RNA	Virus	Induction of IFN	[21]
	TLR4	Lipopolysaccharide	Gram-negative bacteria	Activation of NF-𝜅B	[20, 22]
	TLR5	Flagellin	Gram-negative bacteria which have flagellum	Activation of NF-𝜅B	[23]
	TLR7	Single-stranded viral RNA	Virus	Activation of NF-𝜅B	[24]
	TLR8	Single-stranded viral RNA	Virus	Activation of NF-𝜅B	[25]
	TLR9	Bacterial CpG DNA	Bacteria	Activation of NF-𝜅B	[26]
	NOD1	Mesodiaminopimelic acid	Gram-negative bacteria	Activation of NF-𝜅B	[27]
	NOD2	Muramyl dipeptide	Gram-negative bacteria	Activation of NF-𝜅B	[28]
	EGFR	p40, p75	Lactobacillus GG	Activation of Akt pathway	[8]
Transporters	OCTN2	CSF	Bacillus subtilis	Activation of Akt, p38 MAPK pathway	[5]
	PEPT1	fMLP, MDP, Tri-DAP	Gram-negative bacteria	Activation of NF-𝜅B	[29]
Endocytosis	Clathrin	InlB	Listeria monocytogenes	Invasion to host mammal's cell	[30]
		?	Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli	IκBα Polyubiquitination	[31]
	Caveolin	poly P	Lactobacillus brevis	Activation of p38 MAPK pathway	Under submission