Utilization of Glycosaminoglycans/Proteoglycans as Carriers for Targeted Therapy Delivery

Table 1

Noncancer drug delivery applications of GAG delivery systems.

Application	Components	Drug	References
Transcutaneous delivery	Hyaluronic acid microneedles	Insulin	[134]
Transcutaneous immunization	Hyaluronic acid microneedles	Tetanus, Diphtheria, Malaria, and Influenza	[141, 142]
Topical delivery on burn sites	Hyaluronic acid	Anti-IL-6-hyaluronic acid conjugate.; Anti-TNF-α-hyaluronic acid conjugate	[151]
Ocular delivery	Hyaluronic acid	Pilocarpine, timolol against glaucoma, tropicamide for dilation of pupil, tobramycin against bacterial infection of eye	[159–161, 163]; [162, 163]
Oral delivery	Heparin is conjugated with taurocholic acid (TCA)	Docetaxel (DTX)	[86, 87]
Intra-articular injection	LMW heparin-N,N,N trimethylchitosan chloride (TMC)-nanoparticles,; Heparin-Chitosan-nanoparticles; hyaluronic acid-heparin hydrogel	Heparin, VEGF, and bFGF; Growth factor, for example, BMP2	[89]; [91]
Intracellular delivery	Cell penetrating peptide (CPP)	Peptides, oligonucleotides, siRNAs, and liposomes	[98–103, 107]