Enhancing Ion Transfer in Overlimiting Electrodialysis of Dilute Solutions by Modifying the Surface of Heterogeneous Ion-Exchange Membranes

Figure 1

SEM images of the surface (a, c, and e), the cross sections (b, d, and f) of a MK-40 (a, b, c, and d), and a MK-40/Nf (e, f) ion-exchange membranes.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)