Table 3: The specifications and operating conditions of the Volvo D12C diesel engine.

Bore 131 mm Stroke 150 mm Squish 1.85 mm Connecting rod 260 mm Injector nozzle dia (∅) 0.235 mm Engine speed 1000 rpm Start of injection −5.5 CAD ATDC Injection duration 9.2 CAD Injection mode Main Injected mass/stroke 60.8 × 10−6  kg Initial pressure 103 kPa Initial temp 56.84°C Included angle of spray 145 deg Spray cone 1/2 angle 12.5 deg Initial droplet temp 76.84°C