Chemical Pretreatment Methods for the Production of Cellulosic Ethanol: Technologies and Innovations

Table 1

Application of ILs to selected biomass resources.

Biomass	Solvent	Temperature (°C), time (min)	Reference
Eucalyptus	Emim-Ac	150, 3	[183]
	Amim-Cl	120, 5	[184]
Poplar	Emim-Ac	120, 1	[195]
Pine	Amim-Cl	120, 5	[184]
Spruce	Amim-Cl	120, 5	[184]
Energy cane bagasse	Emim-Ac	120, 0.5	[196]
Switchgrass	Emim-Ac	160, 3	[38]
		120–160, 6	[190]
Bamboo	Emim-Gly	120, 8	[170]
Wheat straw	Amim-Cl	100–150, 2–6	[191]
	Bmim-Ac	100–150, 0.17–1	[164]
Water hyacinth	Bmim-Ac	100–150, 0.17–1	[164]
Rice husk	Bmim-Cl, Emim-Ac	100, 10	[197]
Rice straw	Ch-Aa	90, 2	[194]
Kenaf powder	Ch-Ac	110, 16 h	[198]
Cassava pulp	Emim-Ac, Dmim-SO4, Emim-DePO4	25–120, 24	[188]

Dmim-SO₄: 1, 3-Dimethylimidazolium methyl sulphate. Emim-DePO₄: 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate. Ch-Aa: Cholinium amino acids; Ch-Ac: Cholinium acetate.