Product Characterization and Kinetics of Biomass Pyrolysis in a Three-Zone Free-Fall Reactor

Table 3

Properties of chars, liquid, and gas products derived from palm shell pyrolysis at temperature of 650°C, N₂ flow rate of 200 cm³/min, particle size of 0.28 mm, and feed rate of 0.6 g/min.

Properties	Value
Char product
Proximate analysis (dry basis) (wt%)
Volatile	20.22
Fixed carbon	69.97
Ash	9.82
Elemental analysis (dry and ash—free basis) (wt%)
C	59.28
H	1.67
O	37.52
N	1.53
H/C (mole ratio)	0.20
O/C (mole ratio)	0.47
Calorific value (MJ/kg)	29.87
Porous characteristics
BET surface area (m^2/g)	200
Micropore area (m^2/g)	182
Average pore size (nm)	2.03
Total pore volume (cm^3/g)	0.111
Micropore volume (cm^3/g)	0.091
Liquid product
Viscosity at 40° (cP)	3.5
Density at 30°C (g/cm^3)	1.16
pH	2.67
Calorific value (MJ/kg)	5.8 (35.3*)
Water contents (wt %)	51
n-Octane, C8 (wt%)	2.542
Phenol (wt%)	1.987
Furfural (wt%)	0.876
Benzene (wt%)	0.386
Toluene (wt%)	0.712
Xylene (wt%)	0.364
Styrene (wt%)	0.128
Gas product
CO (%)	18.13
CO2 (%)	10.10
CH4 (%)	4.21
H2 (%)	1.67

∗Water removed.