Agrofood Waste and By-Product Valorization, Extraction, and Characterization of Pectin from the Waste Biomass Fruit Peel of Aframomum angustifolium Using Response Surface Methodology as Alternative Sources of a Functional Pectin
Table 3
Physical, chemical, physicochemical, and functional properties of pectin extracted from A. angustifolium.
Characteristics
Properties
Microwave extraction
Acid extraction
Physical
Yield (%)
4.74 ± 0.10a
3.09 ± 0.03b
Color
Light brown
Light brown
Chemical
Moisture (%)
6.5 ± 0.14a
6.9 ± 0.42a
Mineral ion (mg/kg)
Ca
5440 ± 1.41a
5440.5 ± 0.71a
Mg
3303.55 ± 0.35a
3304.65 ± 0.21a
K
6741.66 ± 0.07a
6740.76 ± 0.06a
Na
131.01 ± 0.65a
131.46 ± 0.02a
Alkalinity
2.55 ± 0.07a
2.45 ± 0.07a
Ash (%)
1.56 ± 0.34a
1.56 ± 0.54a
Equivalent weight (mg/ml)
852.49 ± 16.59b
882.1 ± 9.04a
Methoxyl content (%)
33.06 ± 1.65a
31.85 ± 0.36a
Physicochemical
Solubility in hot water
Soluble
Soluble
Solubility in cold water
Partly dissolves after vigorous shaking
Partly dissolves after vigorous shaking
Pectin suspension soluble in cold alkali (0.1 N NaOH)
Pectin suspension forms yellow precipitate
Pectin suspension forms yellow precipitate
Pectin suspension soluble in hot alkali (0.1 N NaOH)
Pectin suspension dissolves and turns milky
Pectin suspension dissolves and turns milky
Functional
Degree of esterification (% DegE)
67.96 ± 1.18
66.61 ± 0.46
Scores with different letters on superscripts (a and b) are significantly different at < 0.05.