Research Article
Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Production Using a Semibatch Atomization Apparatus
Table 3
Conversion values in esterification studies with process intensification.
| Reactor type | Alcohol | Temperature (K) | Time (min) | Catalyst | % of catalyst (g cat/g oleic acid) | Conversion (%) | References |
| Bubble | Ethanol | 403 | 40 | Sulfuric acid | 0.1 | >95 | Silva et al. [6] | Bubble collumn | Methanol | 393 | 60 | Sulfuric acid | 0.1 | >95 | Stacy et al. [47] | Supercritical | Ethanol | 593 | 60 | ā | ā | >99 | Pinnarat and Savage [22] | Membrane | Ethanol | 353 | 300 | Amberlyst-15 | 5 | 98 | Cannilla et al. [24] | Ultrasonic | Ethanol | 333 | 120 | Sulfuric acid | 5 | 90 | Hanh et al. [21] | Atomization | Ethanol | 343 | 120 | Sulfuric acid | 0.7 | 87 | This study |
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