|
| Risk factors | Authors supporting | Authors refuting |
|
| Trauma/difficult extraction | Birn (1973) [7] |
Meyer (1971) |
|
Hellem & Nordenram (1973) | Ritzau & Swangsilpa (1977) [19] |
| Lilly et al. (1974) [10] | Sweet & Butler (1978) [20] |
|
Keskitalo & Persson (1975) | Rood & Murgatroyd (1979) [21] |
| Butler & Sweet (1977,1985) [22] | Krekmanov & Hallander (1980) [23] |
| Catellani (1979) [24] |
Schofield & Warren (1981) |
|
MacGregor (1979) | Krekmanov (1981) [25] |
|
Matthews (1982) | Nitzan (1983) [26] |
| Brekke et al. (1983,1986) [27] | Heasman & Jacobs (1984) [28] |
| Johnson and Blanton (1988) [29] | Field et al. (1985) [11] |
| Fridrich & Olson (1990) [14] | Barclay (1987) [30] |
| Larsen (1991) [31] | Swanson (1989) [32] |
| Hooley & Golden (1995) [33] |
MacGregor (1990) |
| Colby (1997) [34] | |
| Alexander (2000) [6] | |
| Torres-Lagares et al. (2005) [5] | |
| Nusair & Younis (2007) [35] | |
|
| Inexperienced surgeon |
Sisk et al. (1986) | Nusair & Younis (2007) [35] |
| Larsen (1991) [31] | |
|
Herpy & Goupil (1991) | |
| Larsen (1992) [2] | |
| Alexander (2000) [6] | |
| Oginni et al. (2003) [36] | |
|
| Gender (female) | MacGregor (1968) [12] | Catellani (1979) [24] |
| Field et al. (1985) [11] | Heasman & Jacobs (1984) [28] |
|
Herpy & Goupil (1991) | Larsen (1992) [2] |
| Alexander (2000) [6] | Colby (1997) [34] |
| Nusair & Younis (2007) [35] |
|
| Oral contraceptives | Ygge et al. (1969) [37] | Barclay (1987) [30] |
| Schow (1974) [38] | Larsen (1992) [2] |
| Butler & Sweet (1977) [22] | Chapnick & Diamond (1992) [39] |
| Sweet & Butler (1977,1978) [20, 40] | |
| Fridrich & Olson (1990) [14] | |
| Cohen & Simecek (1995) [41] | |
| Hermesch et al.(1998) [42] | |
| Alexander (2000) [6] | |
|
| Smoking | Sweet & Butler (1978) [20] | Barclay (1987) [30] |
|
Meechan et al. (1988) | Johnson and Blanton (1988) [29] |
| Larsen (1992) [2] | |
| Nusair & Younis (2007) [35] | |
|
| Increased age | Birn (1973) [7] | Catellani (1979) [24] |
|
Herpy & Goupil (1991) |
Schofield & Warren (1981) |
| Alexander (2000) [6] | Heasman & Jacobs (1984) [28] |
| Fridrich & Olson (1990) [14] |
| Larsen (1992) [2] |
| Nusair & Younis (2007) [35] |
|
| Flap design/suture |
Rud et al. (1963) |
Belinfante et al. (1973) |
| Schow (1974) [38] | Sweet & Butler (1978) [20] |
|
Martis et al. (1978) | |
| Vasoconstrictors in local anesthetics | Lehner (1958) [43] |
Meyer (1971) |
| Birn (1973) [7] |
| Tsirlis et al. (1992) [44] |
| Alexander (2000) [6] |
|
| Saliva | Krekmanov & Hallander (1980) [23] | Birn (1973) [7] |
| Krekmanov (1981) [25] | Nitzan (1983) [26] |
| Alexander (2000) [6] |
|
| Bacterial involvement | MacGregor (1968) [12] |
Martis et al. (1978) |
| Rud (1970) [45] | |
| Birn (1973) [7] | |
| Rood & Murgatroyd (1979) [21] | |
| Krekmanov & Hallander (1980) [23] | |
| Krekmanov (1981) [25] | |
| Nitzan (1983) [26] | |
| Swanson (1989) [32] | |
|
Peñarrocha-Diago et al. (2001) [46] | |
|
| Single extraction (versus multiple) | Nusair & Younis (2007) [35] | MacGregor (1968) [12] |
| Birn (1973) [7] |
| Tsirlis et al. (1992) [44] |
| Field et al. (1985) [11] |
|
| Bone/root fragments | Birn (1973) [7] | Simpson (1969) [47] |
| Blum (2002) [4] | |
|
