Novel Zirconia Surface Treatments for Enhanced Osseointegration: Laboratory Characterization

Table 1

Surface parameters of different test groups.

			Mean	Std. deviation	95% confidence interval for mean		Minimum	Maximum
					Lower bound	Upper bound
	As-sintered		0.2883	0.01722	0.2703	0.3064	0.26	0.31
	SIE		0.3883	0.03710	0.3494	0.4273	0.34	0.44
	LPPA		2.3100	0.14670	2.1561	2.4639	2.12	2.55
	FS		10.2300	0.09274	10.1327	10.3273	10.10	10.35
	Total		3.3042	4.16756	1.5444	5.0640	0.26	10.35
	Model	Fixed effects		0.08915	3.2662	3.3421
		Random effects			−4.1905	10.7989
	As-sintered		0.3800	0.02449	0.3543	0.4057	0.35	0.42
	SIE		0.4767	0.04633	0.4280	0.5253	0.42	0.54
	LPPA		2.9600	0.04940	2.9082	3.0118	2.89	3.03
	FS		13.0000	0.09274	12.9027	13.0973	12.87	13.12
	Total		4.2042	5.29425	1.9686	6.4397	0.35	13.12
	Model	Fixed effects		0.05871	4.1792	4.2292
		Random effects			−5.3181	13.7264
	As-sintered		2.2383	0.02714	2.2098	2.2668	2.20	2.28
	SIE		2.3117	0.03710	2.2727	2.3506	2.26	2.36
	LPPA		12.2333	0.06154	12.1688	12.2979	12.15	12.31
	FS		57.5183	0.27701	57.2276	57.8090	56.98	57.74
	Total		18.5754	23.34012	8.7197	28.4311	2.20	57.74
	Model	Fixed effects		0.14373	18.5142	18.6366
		Random effects			−23.4058	60.5566
Pore area	As-sintered		8.6033	0.01211	8.5906	8.6160	8.59	8.62
	SIE		6.8633	0.01033	6.8525	6.8742	6.85	6.88
	LPPA		6.1500	0.00894	6.1406	6.1594	6.14	6.16
	FS		9.1883	0.01169	9.1761	9.2006	9.17	9.20
	Total		7.7013	1.26498	7.1671	8.2354	6.14	9.20
	Model	Fixed effects		0.01084	7.6966	7.7059
		Random effects			5.4260	9.9765
Pore diameter	As-sintered		0.0133	0.00516	0.0079	0.0188	0.01	0.02
	SIE		0.0100	0.00000	0.0100	0.0100	0.01	0.01
	LPPA		0.0167	0.00516	0.0112	0.0221	0.01	0.02
	FS		0.0133	0.00516	0.0079	0.0188	0.01	0.02
	Total		0.0133	0.00482	0.0113	0.0154	0.01	0.02
	Model	Fixed effects		0.00447	0.0114	0.0152
		Random effects			0.0090	0.0177
Bulk density	As-sintered		5.2400	0.00000	5.2400	5.2400	5.24	5.24
	SIE		5.1200	0.00632	5.1134	5.1266	5.11	5.13
	LPPA		6.0000	0.00000	6.0000	6.0000	6.00	6.00
	FS		6.1400	0.00000	6.1400	6.1400	6.14	6.14
	Total		5.6250	0.45943	5.4310	5.8190	5.11	6.14
	Model	Fixed effects		0.00316	5.6237	5.6263
		Random effects			4.7986	6.4514
Porosity	As-sintered		16.0600	0.09695	15.9583	16.1617	15.92	16.19
	SIE		10.8583	0.07627	10.7783	10.9384	10.75	10.95
	LPPA		13.5017	0.26992	13.2184	13.7849	12.98	13.75
	FS		20.0017	0.15145	19.8427	20.1606	19.75	20.17
	Total		15.1054	3.44851	13.6492	16.5616	10.75	20.17
	Model	Fixed effects		0.16659	15.0345	15.1764
		Random effects			8.9089	21.3019
VHN	As-sintered		920.0000	7.07107	912.5794	927.4206	910.00	930.00
	SIE		1346.0000	11.26055	1334.1828	1357.8172	1330.00	1360.00
	LPPA		1608.0000	28.64263	1577.9414	1638.0586	1576.00	1651.00
	FS		2137.0000	68.01470	2065.6229	2208.3771	2055.00	2220.00
	Total		1502.7500	451.72272	1312.0042	1693.4958	910.00	2220.00
	Model	Fixed effects		37.49400	1486.7852	1518.7148
		Random effects			692.6738	2312.8262