Test groups: Group #1: PDT with 20 combinations of 4 TBO concentrations and 5 laser energy doses (). TBO (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg mL−1) incubated for 30 s. Laser (60, 90, 120, 300, and 600 s). Energy dose (2.1, 3.2, 4.2, 10.5, and 21 J). Group #2: NaOCl (). Control group: Light source: Canals () were filled with reduced transport fluid (RTF) for 30 s followed by application of various laser light doses (60, 90, 120, 300, or 600 s). TBO only: Canals () were filled with TBO at various concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, or 100 mg mL−1) and incubated for 30 s. No treatment: Canals () were filled with RTF and incubated for 30 s.
3
S. intermedius (strain NS)
TBO 12.5, 25, 50, 100 g mL−1 Preincubation time (PIT): 30 s
Helium-neon 632.8 nm] Irradiation time (IT): 60 s, 90 s, 120 s, 300 s, and 600 s
Cell viability Colony-forming-unit – CFU (log10)
PDT is bactericidal to S. intermedius biofilms in root canals but is not as effective as irrigation with 3% NaOCl.
Sample: 35 root canals from human uniradicular teeth
Test groups: Group #1: PDT Group #2: RCT (root canal treatment) with NaOCl Group #3: Combined treatment (PDT + ET with NaOCl) Control group: Teeth with 3-day biofilms + BHI for 24 h
Test groups: Group #1: RCT with NaOCl Group #2: PDT Group #3: RCT + PDT in an emulsion of H2O2 : triton-X100 in the ratio 75 : 24.5 : 0.5 Group #4: RCT + an emulsion of H2O2 : triton-X100 in the ratio 75 : 24.5 : 0.5 Control group: Root canal not subject to any treatment
IV: 1 EV: 5.2
E. faecalis (strain NS)
MB 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 M] PIT: 600 s (in the dark) Dark toxicity was evaluated Perfluorodecahydronaphthalene (oxygen carrier) H2O2(oxider) Triton-X100 (nonionic detergent)
Power Technology Inc. 664 nm] IT: NS
CSLM Photooxidation activity Singlet oxygen generation Cell viability CFU (log10)
NaOCl showed no viable bacteria after 4 h, but 60% of the root canal shavings confirmed bacterial growth after 24 h. PDT alone or + NaOCl showed the absence of bacteria even after 24 h.
Sample: in vitro: E. faecalis biofilms grown on a glass coverslip that was fixed covering a grove (6 mm diameter) made at the bottom part of a Petri dish
Ex vivo (16–24 years): 30 root canals from human uniradicular teeth (anterior teeth)
Test groups: Group #1: Nd:YAG laser () Group #2: KTP laser () Group #3: PDT () Group #4: NaOCl () Control group: Group #5: teeth with no treatment () – positive control Group #6: uninoculated teeth () – negative control
Test groups: Group #1: PDT with MB + NaOCl () Group #2: PDT with TBO + NaOCl () Group #3: PDT with MB + NaCl () Group #4: PDT with TBO + NaCl () Control groups:
2.5
E. faecalis (MB35)
MB/TBO 15/15 g mL−1 PIT: 120 s
MMOptics 660 nm] IT: 240 s
SEM Cell viability CFU (log10)
PDT did not significantly enhance disinfection after chemomechanical preparation using NaOCl as irrigant.
Test groups: Group #1: 5 W, 30 s, PS (+) Group #2: 5 W, 60 s, PS (+) Group #3: 5 W, 120 s, PS (+) Group #4: 5 W, 120 s, PS (−) Control groups: Group #5: NaCL: negative control Group #6: NaOCl: positive control
2.5
E. faecalis (ATCC29212)
Indocyanine green 12. mg mL−1] PIT: 60 s
P-Laser 805 nm] IT: 30, 60, 120 s
Cell viability CFU (log10) Temperature
PDT had nearly the same antimicrobial effect as 2.5% NaOCl.
Sample: in vitro model of apical periodontitis in resin blocks
Test groups: Group #1: OF/IT90 () Group #2: OF/IT180 () Group #3: NOF/IT90 () Group #4: NOF/IT180 () Control groups: Group #5: untreated () Group #6: NaOCl: positive control ()
1
E. faecalis (ATCC29212)
MB 100 g mL−1] PIT: 300 s
Thera Lase 660 nm] IT: 90, 180 s
Cell viability CFU (log10)
The highest percentage of E. faecalis reduction was achieved with NaOCl. The use of intracanal fiber during PDT does not reveal improvement.
Test groups: Group #1: PDT () Group #2: PDT + NaOCl () Group #3: TBO () Group #4: PDT () – more time than in group 1 Control groups: Group #5: NaOCl: positive control ()
0.5 5
Streptococcus mutans (CCUG35176) E. faecalis (ATCC19433) Streptococcus sanguis (CCUG17826)
TBO 100 g mL−1] PIT: 60 s
FotoSan 628 nm] IT: 30, 60 s
Cell viability
In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of 5% NaOCl is higher than PDT.
Sample: 100 root canals from human uniradicular teeth
Test groups: Group #1: NaOCl Group #2: TBO Group #3: Light Group #4: PDT Group #5: PDT + NaOCl Control groups: The experimental conditions were repeated seven independent times with 15 total experimental samples. Both negative (no growth) and positive (growth without any treatment) controls were done for each independent experiment.
6
E. faecalis (OG1X) A derivative of an oral isolate that has been shown to be cariogenic
TBO NS] PIT: 30 s
FotoSan 628 nm] IT: 30 s
SEM Cell viability CFU (log10)
The bacterial survival rate of the NaOCl/PDT group (0.1%) was significantly lower than the NaOCl (0.66%) and PDT groups (2.9%).
Sample: uniradicular human teeth (total number of teeth unknown)
Test groups: Group #1: Nd:YAG Group #2: Er:YAG/NaOCl/NS/DW Group #3: Er:YAG/NS/DW Group #4: Er,Cr:YSGG Group #5: PDT Control groups: Group #6: NaOCl: positive control Group #7: normal saline: negative control
5.25
E. faecalis (ATCC4083)
MB 50 g mL−1] PIT: 60 s
Nd:YAG 1064 nm] IT: 16 s Er:YAG 2940 nm] IT: 20 s Er,Cr:YSGG 2780 nm] IT: 4 s Lit-601 660 nm] IT: 60 s
SEM Cell viability CFU (log10)
PDT was less effective than NaOCl at surface of the root and 100, 200, and 300 m inside the dentinal tubule.
Test groups: Group #1: NaOCl () Group #2: Laser + NaOCl () Group #3: PDT () Group #4: PDT + NaOCl () Group #5: chlorhexidine () Control groups: Group #6: no treatment: positive control Group #7: without inoculation of bacterium: negative control
2.5
E. faecalis (ATCC29212)
TBO 15 g mL−1] PIT: 300 s
FotoSan 625 nm] IT: 60 s
Cell viability CFU (log10)
NaOCl showed better results than PDT. However, PDT + NaOCl showed the best result.
Sample: 90 root canals from 90 uniradicular human teeth
Test groups: Group #1: PDT (Eosin-Y) with Light+ and L− Group #2: PDT (Rose bengal) with Light+ and L− Group #3: PDT (Curcumin) with Light+ and L− Control groups: Group #4: NaOCl positive control
3
E. faecalis (135737)
Eosyn-Y/RB/curcumin 50 g mL−1] PIT: 1800 s
Optilux 501 380–500 nm] IT: 240 s
Cell viability CFU (log10)
In BS, PDT significantly reduced E. faecalis viability. For biofilm, PDT completely suppressed E. faecalis.
Sample: E. faecalis 135737 culture collection of the University Hospitals of Geneva; CH was used for the inactivation assays because of its prominent role in endodontic infections
Test groups:Group #1: lasers () #1.1: Nd:YAG () #1.2: diode () Group #2: PDT () #2.1: FotoSan () #2.2: without laser – dark control () #2.3: without PS – light control () Group #3: iontophoresis () #3.1: Cupral () #3.2: Ca(OH)2 () #3.3: I2/KI2 () Group #4 () #4.1: 2% Chx () #4.2: 2.5% NaOCl () #4.3: 30% H2O2 () Control groups: Group #5: PBS () Positive control
2.5
Two control strains from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213) E. faecalis (ATCC29212) Clinical isolates served as multidrug-resistant: S. pyogenes S. intermedius E. coli K. pneumonia E. cloacae S. marcescens M. morganii P. aeruginosa A. baumannii C. albicans
TBO 15 g mL−1] PIT: NS
FotoSan 625 nm] IT: 300 s
SEM Cell viability CFU (log10) X-ray laser particle sizer
2.5% NaOCl is the most satisfactory result; however, PDT with FotoSan, H2O2, and all tested types of iontophoresis all showed strong disinfection potential without statistical significance.
