Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Root Canal System Asepsis: A Narrative Literature Review
Table 2
In vivo studies collection.
Study type
Groups
% NaOCl
Substracte
Photosensitizer
Laser
Parameters evaluated
Conclusion
In vivo, 6 studies
Bonsor et al. 2006 [35, 73]. Private general dental practice in Scotland by the same operator, UK.
Group #1 (73% molars): Three samples (): (1.1) After gaining access to the root canal. (1.2) After apex location and PDT process carried out. (1.3) After completion of the canal preparation using citric acid and NaOCl. Group #2 (76% molars): Three samples (): (2.1) After gaining access to the root canal. (2.2) After conventional preparation using 20% citric acid and NaOCl. (2.3) After a subsequent PDT. Control groups: ⌀ Random allocation? Yes
2.25
Human dentine of the canal’s walls. No attempt was made to identify the specific bacterial flora during the culturing process.
TBO 12.7 mg L−1] PIT: 60 s
SaveDent Diode laser 633 ± 2 nm] IT: 120 s
Scores for levels of infection
PDT showed best results (93%) when compared to conventional irrigants solutions like NaOCl and acid citric (76%).
Sample (16–70 years): 64 root canals with closed apices randomly selected from uni- and multiradicular teeth of 14 healthier patients presented with symptoms of irreversible pulpitis or periradicular periodontitis
Bonsor et al. 2006 [35, 73]. Private general dental practice in Scotland by the same operator, UK.
Group #1: Three samples () (1.1) After gaining access to the root canal. (1.2) After conventional endodontic therapy with NaOCl (1.3) After PDT. Control groups: ⌀ Random allocation? Yes
2.25
Human dentine of the canal’s walls. No attempt was made to identify the specific bacterial flora during the culturing process.
TBO NS] PIT: 60 s
SaveDent Diode laser 633 ± 2 nm] IT: 60, 120 s
Scores for levels of infection
PDT showed best results when compared to conventional irrigant solutions.
Sample (16–70 years): 64 root canals with closed apices randomly selected from uni- and multiradicular teeth of 14 healthier patients presented with symptoms of irreversible pulpitis or periradicular periodontitis
Garcez et al. 2008 [58]. Private dental practice in São Paulo by the same operator, Brazil.
Group #1: Three samples () (1.1) After gaining access to the root canal. (1.2) After conventional endodontic therapy with NaOCl. (1.3) After PDT. Group #2: Two samples after 1 week with Ca(OH)2. (2.1) After 2nd conventional endodontic therapy with NaOCl. (2.2) After 2nd PDT. Control groups: ⌀ Random allocation? Yes
2.5
Human dentine of the canal’s walls. No attempt was made to identify the specific bacterial flora during the culturing process.
PEI/e6 60 mol L−1] PIT: 120 s
MMOptics Diode laser 660 nm] IT: 240 s
Cell viability CFU (log10)
The use of PDT leads to a significant further reduction of bacterial load, and a second appointment PDT is even more effective than the first.
Sample (21–35 years): 20 selected cases of patients presenting with symptoms of irreversible pulpitis or periradicular periodontitis in anterior teeth (incisors and canines) selected at random
Garcez et al. 2010 [74]. Private dental practice in São Paulo by the same operator, Brazil.
Group #1: Three samples () (1.1) After gaining access to the root canal. (1.2) After conventional endodontic therapy with NaOCl. (1.3) After PDT. Control groups: ⌀ Random allocation? No
2.5
Biofilms At least 1 microorganism resistant to antibiotic medication.
NaOCl reduced to 0.8 species per root canal. After PDT, microorganism growth was not detected on any of the samples.
Sample (17–52 years): 30 anterior uniradicular human teeth with previous endodontic treatment from 21 patients without random allocation
Prabhakar et al. 2013 [75]. Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India.
Group #1: Three samples () (1.1) After gaining access to the root canal. (1.2) After conventional endodontic therapy with NaOCl (1.3) After PDT. Control groups: ⌀ Random allocation? No
Sample (4–7 years): 12 human deciduous molars with caries lesions affecting the pulp and diagnosed as necrotic pulps (pulpectomies) from twelve children without random allocation
Group #1: Three samples () (1.1) After gaining access to the root canal (initial) (1.2) After chemomechanical preparation (1.3) After chemomechanical preparation + PDT Control groups: ⌀ Random allocation? Yes
2.5
Biofilms
Helbo blue PS 10 mg mL−1] PIT: 120 s Phenothiazinium chloride
Although endodontic re-treatment (ERT) alone produced a significant reduction in the number of bacteria species, the combination of ERT + PDT was statistically more effective.
Sample (20–45 years): 21 anterior uniradicular human teeth (incisors or canines) with previous endodontic treatment from 21 patients with random allocation
