International Journal of Dentistry

Review Article

Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Root Canal System Asepsis: A Narrative Literature Review

Table 5

Studies compilation: laser, photosensitizer, and fiber applied.


Study type	Year	Author	Laser					Photosensitizer		PDT outcomes
Study type	Year	Author	Wavelength (nm)	Diameter of fiber (m) Working length (WL) EL	Power of output (mW)	Power of density (mW/cm²)	Energy fluence (J/cm²)	Type	Concentration (g/mL)	+	−

In vitro, 16 studies	2002	Seal et al. [63]	632.8	Without fiber Light at the orifice of the access cavity	35	—	42.9, 63.3, 85.7, 214.3, 428.6	TBO	12.5, 25, 50, 100		−
	2006	Silva Garcez et al. [57]	685	365 WL-1 mm Helicoidal movements, from apical to cervical	50	—	—	AZpaste	0.01% AZ paste	+
	2007	Garcez et al. [34]	660	200 WL Spiral movements, from apical to cervical	40	—	5, 10, 20 e 40	PEI/e6	NS	+
	2008	George and Kishen [59, 103]	664	400 NS NS	30	—	63.69	MB	1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 M	+
	2009	Meire et al. [64]	635	400 WL IV: static spherical tip in the centre of the liquid EV: 70% of the light radially as a cylinder uniformly and 30% at the tip; moved up and down in the canal	100	—	—	TBO	12.7 mg mL⁻¹		−
	2009	Souza et al. [65]	660	300 NS Spiral movements from apical to cervical	40	—	—	MB/TBO	15/15		−
	2011	Nagayoshi et al. [62]	805	400 WL NS	5000	—	—	Indocyanine green	12. mg mL⁻¹	≈
	2011	Nunes et al. [66] Study with and without fiber	660	Without fiber Handpiece placed in root canal orifice 216 WL Spiral movements from apical to cervical	90	300	—	MB	100		−
		Poggio et al. [67]	628	500 WL-3 mm Endotip guide to the apical parts	—	—	—	TBO	100		−
		Rios et al. [68]	628	NS WL-2/3 mm NS	—	—	—	TBO	NS		−
	2012	Cheng et al. [69]	Nd:YAG 1064 nm]	Nd:YAG 200 WL-1 Spiral movement	—	—	—	MB	50		−
			Er:YAG 2940 nm]	Er:YAG 300 Orifice of root canal NS
			Er,Cr:YSGG 2780 nm]	Er,Cr:YSGG 415 WL-1 NS
			Diode 660 nm]	Diode 2000 WL-3 mm NS
		Vaziri et al. [70]	625	Without fiber	—	200	12	TBO	15		−
		Pileggi et al. [60]	380–500	10.4 mm Light source 20 mm away from the bacteria NS	—	450	108	Eosin-Y RB Curcumin	BS] All 1 M Biofilms Eosin-Y 100 M RB/curcumin 10 M	+
	2014	Bumb et al. [61]	910	NS WL-2 mm Circular movements, from apical to cervical	1000	—	—	MB	25 mg mL⁻¹	+
	2015	Gergova et al. [71]	660	200 WL Helicoidal traction movements, from apical to cervical	100	—	—	TBO	0.1 mg mL⁻¹		−
	2015	Wang et al. [72]	670	400 NS NS	50	—	—	MB	60 M		−

In vivo, 6 studies	2006	Bonsor et al. [35, 73]	633	Flexible hollow tube WL-4 mm Moved up and down about 3 mm at 20 s	100	—	—	TBO	12.7 mg mL⁻¹	+
	2006	Bonsor et al. [35, 73]	633	Flexible emitter tip WL-4 mm Moved up and down about 3 mm at 20 s	100	—	—	TBO	NS	+
	2008	Garcez et al. [58]	660	300 WL Spiral movements, from apical to cervical	40	—	—	PEI/e6	60 mol L⁻¹	+
	2010	Garcez et al. [74]	660	200 WL-1 mm Spiral movements	40	—	—	PEI/e6	≈19	+
	2013	Prabhakar et al. [75] Deciduous teeth	660	Without fiber	30		8.6	MB	50	+
	2014	Jurič et al. [76]	660	450 WL Static	100	—	—	Phenothiazinium chloride		+

Ex vivo, 7 studies	2009	Lim et al. [77]	660	400 Root canal orifice Static	30	—	—	MB	100 M		−
	2011	Ng et al. [78]	665	250 10 mm 360°	—	100	30	MB	50 g mL⁻¹	+
		Stojicic et al. [5]	660	NS BS] Long optical fiber with a diameter 0.4 mm Biofilm Conical frustum tip with the end diameter of 5 mm NS	40	—	—	MB	[BS] 15 mol L⁻¹ Biofilm 100 mol L⁻¹	+
		Bago et al. [79]	660	320 WL Spiral movements, from apical to cervical	100	—	—	Phenothiazine chloride/TBO	10 mg mL⁻¹/155	+
	2013	Hecker et al. [80]	635	Without fiber	200	—	—	TBO	NS		−
	2014	Muhammad et al. [82]	650	300 WL Moved all along the canals	20	—	—	TBO	15 g mL⁻¹		−
	2014	Xhevdet et al. [81]	660	NS WL Light at the tip and from the lateral sides	100	100	—	Phenothiazine chloride	10 mg mL⁻¹	≈