Salivary Levels of Hemoglobin for Screening Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Characteristics of the included the studies.

References	Subjects	Exclusion criteria	Definition of periodontitis	Measuring method		Saliva sample	Adjustment	Results
				Reaction	Products			Sensitivity	Specificity	Positive likelihood ratio	Negative likelihood ratio	Youden’s index
Laboratory examination
Kugahara et al. [9]	221 pregnant women (mean age: 30 ± 4 years)	Current smokers and subjects with not sufficient saliva were excluded	Periodontitis (CPITN 3 and 4)	Colorimetric test	Salivastar-Bld	—		0.37	0.91	4.11	1.44	0.28
							Combination with LDH	0.68	0.74	2.62	2.31	0.42
Nomura et al. [13]	187 subjects (mean age: 37.2 ± 9.6 years)	—	PD ≥ 4 mm	Colorimetric test	—	Stimulated saliva	—	0.27	0.81	1.42	1.11	0.08
Nomura et al. [14]	85 patients with chronic periodontitis	Clinical attachment level (CAL) of 3 mm in at least three subsequent assessments	Progression of CAL ≥ 3 mm	Colorimetric test	—	Stimulated saliva	—	0.32	0.68	1.00	1.00	0.00
Nam et al. [15]	The participants were 195 patients with disabilities (aged >18 years)	—	CPI scores of 3-4	Polyclonal antibody reaction	OC-HEMODIA AUTO S	Stimulated saliva	—	0.41	0.77	1.78	1.31	0.18
			CPI scores of 4				—	0.53	0.75	2.12	1.60	0.28
			CPI scores of 3-4				With questionnaire	0.58	0.76	2.42	1.81	0.34
			CPI scores of 4				With questionnaire	0.73	0.74	2.81	2.74	0.47
			CPI scores of 3-4				With questionnaire and age	0.70	0.76	2.92	2.53	0.46
			CPI scores of 4				With questionnaire and age	0.71	0.80	3.55	2.76	0.51
Nomura et al. [17]	92 subjects (mean age: 50.03 years)	Patients older than 20 years who had more than 20 teeth remaining were included	Center for Disease Control and Prevention in partnership with the American Academy of Periodontology.	Polyclonal antibody reaction	OC-HEMODIA AUTO S	Stimulated saliva	—	0.76	0.76	3.20	3.17	0.52
Maeng et al. [18]	202 subjects (age: 20 to 79 years)	Pregnant, had undergone a periodontal operation within the past month, or had an injury accompanied by oral bleeding, such as a wound or ulcer	CPI scores of 3-4	Polyclonal antibody reaction	OC-HEMODIA AUTO S	Stimulated saliva	—	0.71	0.56	1.61	1.93	0.27
			CPI scores of 4				—	0.60	0.72	2.14	1.80	0.32
			CPI scores of 3-4				With questionnaire	0.71	0.68	2.25	2.38	0.40
			CPI scores of 4				With questionnaire	0.65	0.77	2.79	2.17	0.00
Paper strip
Burt et al. [5]	136 school children, 52 adult dental hygene school students (age: 24 to 32) and 65 adults in correctional Institution (age: 18 to 66)	—	GI score (0–0.6, <1.2, <1.21, <0.2, <0.4, <0.41)	Colorimetric test	G index	Resting saliva
			GI > 0.6				School children	0.42	0.64	1.17	1.10	0.06
			GI > 1.2					0.50	0.63	1.35	1.26	0.13
			GI > 0.6				Innate correctional Institution	0.65	0.76	2.71	2.17	0.41
			GI > 1.2					0.67	0.53	1.43	1.61	0.20
			GI > 0.2				dental hygiene student	0.25	0.64	0.69	0.85	−0.11
			GI > 0.4					0.16	0.67	0.48	0.80	−0.17
Abbott and Caffesse [6]	81 subjects (age: 15 to 60 years)		GI > 0	Colorimetric test	G index	Before any clinical examination	—	0.83	0.63	2.24	3.71	0.46
			GI > 1					1.00	0.46	1.85	—	0.46
			GI > 2					1.00	0.29	1.41	—	0.29
Kopczyk et al. [7]	50 patients with less than 20 teeth 27 (age: 27 to 72 years)	Using aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Those with bleeding disorders, ulcerating oral lesions, or medical contraindications	BOP > 30%	Colorimetric test	Seracult	Resting saliva before and after tooth brush	Before tooth brush	0.19	1.00	—	1.23	0.19
			BOP > 50%					0.56	0.97	18.67	2.20	0.53
			BOP > 30%				After tooth brush	0.75	0.82	4.17	3.28	0.57
			BOP > 50%					0.85	0.66	2.50	4.40	0.51
Nomura et al. [8]	187 subjects (mean age 37.2 ± 9.6 years)	—	PD ≥ 4 mm	Colorimetric test	—	Stimulated saliva	—	0.27	0.81	1.42	1.11	0.08
Ohshima et al. [10]	92 dental school students (mean age: 22.1 years)	—	—	Monoclonal antibody reaction	Perioscreen SUNSTAR	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Shimazaki et al. [11]	1998 subjects with less than 20 teeth (age: 40 to 79)	—	BOP ≥ 15% or at least one PD ≥ 4 mm	Monoclonal antibody reaction	Perioscreen SUNSTAR	Rinse 3 ml distilled water for 10 sec 8:00 am to 11:00 am before oral examination	—	0.69	0.55	1.53	1.77	0.24
Pham et al. [12]	243 subjects	—	—	Monoclonal antibody reaction	Perioscreen SUNSTAR	—	—	0.75	0.75	2.96	3.01	0.50
Reed et al. [16]	23 pregnant women (age: 18 to 45 years)	Preexisting parathyroid disease or uncontrolled thyroid disease, multiple fetuses (e.g., twins and triplets), preexisting sickle cell disease (not trait only), sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis	—	Monoclonal antibody reaction	Perioscreen SUNSTAR	—	—	—	—	—	—	—