Shisha Smoking Habit among Dental School Students in the United Arab Emirates: Enabling Factors and Barriers

Table 10

The strength of association between selected barriers and enabling factors with current shisha smoking habits among males.

Sex = male	Current shisha smoking habit				OR	Inverse OR	95% confidence interval OR
	Nonsmokers (N for total surveyed = 38)		Current smoker (N for total surveyed = 29)
	N	%	N	%
Barriers
(1) Shisha is more addictive than cigarettes	36	94.7	26	89.7	0.48	2.08	(0.08–3.09)	0.441 (NS)
(2) Shisha is addictive	13	34.2	6	20.7	0.50	1.99	(0.16–1.54)	0.228 (NS)
(3) Shisha smoking leads to lung cancer	33	86.8	23	79.3	0.58	1.72	(0.16–2.13)	0.413 (NS)
(4) Shisha smoking leads to dental problems	26	68.4	18	62.1	0.76	1.32	(0.27–2.08)	0.588 (NS)
(5) Shisha smoking reduces weight	25	65.8	27	93.1	7.02	—	(1.44–34.29)	0.016
(6) Shisha is more harmful compared with cigarettes	34	89.5	28	96.6	3.29	—	(0.35–31.19)	0.299 (NS)
(7) Shisha contains carbon monoxide	32	84.2	25	86.2	1.17	—	(0.3–4.61)	0.82 (NS)
(8) Shisha is harmful to health	34	89.5	26	89.7	1.02	—	(0.21–4.96)	0.981 (NS)
(9) Shisha contains nicotine	13	34.2	10	34.5	1.01	—	(0.37–2.8)	0.981 (NS)
(10) Shisha smoking leads to cardiovascular diseases	34	89.5	28	96.6	3.29	—	(0.35–31.19)	0.299 (NS)
Enabling factors
(1) Friends can influence shisha smoking	32	84.2	29	100	11.80	—	(1.37–101.5)	0.025
(2) Shisha smoking is more socially acceptable compared to cigarettes	21	55.3	25	86.2	5.06	—	(1.47–17.4)	0.01
(3) Girls are more comfortable in smoking shisha compared to cigarettes	28	73.7	27	93.1	4.82	—	(0.97–24.05)	0.055 (NS)
(4) People smoking shisha look cool	7	18.4	13	44.8	3.60	—	(1.2–10.81)	0.022
(5) Friends smoke shisha	31	81.6	27	93.1	3.05	—	(0.58–15.94)	0.187 (NS)
(6) Smoker sibling	12	31.6	14	48.3	2.02	—	(0.74–5.5)	0.167 (NS)
(7) Husband-wife or boyfriend-girlfriend problems lead to shisha smoking	10	26.3	12	41.4	1.98	—	(0.7–5.55)	0.196 (NS)
(8) Stress influences one to start shisha smoking	24	63.2	22	75.9	1.83	—	(0.63–5.38)	0.27 (NS)
(9) Water in shisha filters toxins	13	34.2	14	48.3	1.79	—	(0.67–4.83)	0.247 (NS)
(10) Financial problems lead to shisha smoking	8	21.1	9	31	1.69	—	(0.56–5.11)	0.355 (NS)
(11) Mother smokes shisha	1	2.6	1	3.4	1.32	—	(0.08–22.06)	0.846 (NS)
(12) Shisha smoker parents influenced decision of children to start shisha smoking	13	34.2	11	37.9	1.18	—	(0.43–3.21)	0.753 (NS)
(13) University life burden leads to shisha smoking	17	44.7	14	48.3	1.15	—	(0.44–3.04)	0.774 (NS)
(14) Problems with friends lead to shisha smoking	10	26.3	8	27.6	1.07	—	(0.36–3.17)	0.907 (NS)
(15) Family problem leads to shisha smoking	17	44.7	13	44.8	1.00	—	(0.38–2.65)	0.994 (NS)
(16) People smoking shisha have more friends	10	26.3	7	24.1	0.89	1.12	(0.29–2.72)	0.839 (NS)
(17) Advertisement about shisha can influence smoking	28	73.7	19	65.5	0.68	1.47	(0.24–1.94)	0.47 (NS)
(18) Father smokes shisha	4	10.5	2	6.9	0.63	1.59	(0.11–3.7)	0.609 (NS)
(19) Parents influenced decision of children to start shisha smoking	15	39.5	8	27.6	0.58	1.71	(0.21–1.66)	0.312 (NS)
(20) Shisha smoking is our cultural heritage	18	47.4	10	34.5	0.58	1.71	(0.22–1.58)	0.291 (NS)