A Higher-Order Hardy-Type Inequality in Anisotropic Sobolev Spaces
Paolo Secchi1
Academic Editor: Jian-Ping Sun
Received17 May 2012
Accepted07 Aug 2012
Published03 Sept 2012
Abstract
We prove a higher-order inequality of Hardy type for functions in anisotropic Sobolev spaces
that vanish at the boundary of the space domain. This is an important calculus tool for the study of
initial-boundary-value problems of symmetric hyperbolic systems with characteristic boundary.
1. Notations and Main Result
For , let denote the -dimensional positive half-space
Let be a function such that close to , and for . For , we set
Then, for every multi-index , the conormal derivative is defined by
For every positive integer the anisotropic Sobolev space is defined as
In we introduce the norm
The space , endowed with its norm (1.5) is a Hilbert space. We also introduce a second anisotropic Sobolev space. For every positive integer , the space is defined as
In particular, . In , we introduce the natural norm
The space , endowed with its norm (1.7) is a Hilbert space. For the sake of convenience we also set . We observe that
where denotes the integer part (except for , all imbeddings are continuous).
The anisotropic spaces are the natural function spaces for the study of initial-boundary-value problems of symmetric hyperbolic systems with characteristic boundary, see [1β6]. In fact, for such problems, the full regularity (i.e., solvability in the usual Sobolev spaces ) cannot be expected generally because of the possible loss of derivatives in the normal direction to the characteristic boundary, see [7, 8]. The introduction of the anisotropic Sobolev spaces is motivated by the observation that the one-order gain of normal differentiation should be compensated by two-order loss of conormal differentiation.
The equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics provide an important example of ill-posedness in Sobolev spaces , see [7]. Application to MHD of and spaces may be found in [9β13]. For an extensive study of such spaces we refer the reader to [2, 3, 14, 15] and references therein. Function spaces of this type have also been considered in [16, 17].
The purpose of this note is the proof of the following Theorems 1.1 and 1.2. These results are an important calculus tool in the use of the anisotropic spaces , and accordingly for the study of initial-boundary-value problems of symmetric hyperbolic systems with characteristic boundary. Typically, in such problems one has to deal with terms of the form , where is a real matrix-valued function, and is a vector function with components. The matrix admits the decomposition
with invertible in a neighborhood of the boundary . Hence, one may write
where , and looks for an estimate of in , as sharp as possible. Given suitable estimates for the product of functions, the problem is then the estimate of in and . This motivates the following results.
Theorem 1.1. Let . Let be a function, and let be defined by
Then
Proof. For all integers , the space ( denotes the set of restriction to of functions in ) is dense in , see [4]. Hence, without loss of generality, we may assume that is supported in a small neighborhood of where . For the proof of the theorem we use an induction argument somehow inspired from [18]. The case follows from the classical Hardy inequality, see [19]. Given any , the Hardy inequality yields
Integrating in and using (1.9) with we get
Let us now assume that inequality (1.13) holds for a given , and suppose that . A simple computation shows that for ,
with
From its definition, we see that for . Next, we obtain the identity
We deduce from (1.18) that
which by substitution in (1.16) yields the identity
Given any multi-index , with , we also get
from which it readily follows that
Setting
the Hardy inequality yields
From (1.22) and (1.24) we deduce
It follows that
for every multi-index , with , and such that . In order to treat the case , we use an induction argument. We first invert the position of conormal and normal derivatives in the norm (1.5) to get
where the last term comes from the control of the commutator. Then, from the inductive assumption
Let us consider the estimate
Notice that (1.29) holds true if , because of (1.26). Assume that (1.29) is true for every multi-index and such that and , for some . We have
because for the first term we have , and for the second term we can apply estimate (1.13), true for by inductive assumption. Hence (1.29) is true also for . We deduce that (1.29) holds for every multi-index , and such that . Therefore, from (1.28) and (1.29) we get
The proof of Theorem 1.1 is complete.
In the second anisotropic space we have the following results.
Theorem 1.2. Let , for , and let be the function defined in (1.12).(1)If , then
(2)If , then
(3)If , then
Proof. The proof of (1.32) follows by direct application of Hardy's inequality; then (1.33) follows by applying (1.32) to . In case of the proof is similar to that of Theorem 1.1, hence we omit the details.
Acknowledgment
The work was supported by the National Research Project PRIN 2007 βEquations of Fluid Dynamics of Hyperbolic Type and Conservation Laws.β
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