Abstract
We present multiband antennas configurations for SDR applications. Using a composite folded dipole structure as starting point, we derived more complex antenna configurations to support multiple communication protocols for mobile application with linear and circular polarizations. Prototypes as single antenna with circular polarization, tunable single antenna with PIN diode and MIMO systems with three and four antennas, all derivatives of the same basic structure, were produced in an iterative fashion until the desired parameters were achieved. These antennas are suitable for microstrip circuit realizations and can be included in the printed circuit board (PCB) of the device, or used as stand alone. The shapes and measurement results are presented throughout the paper. From the illustrated graphs it can be seen that the stand-alone antennas exhibit positive gain for all the frequency bands of interest while the separation between antennas, for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) case, is better than 15 dB.
1. Introduction
To comply with the requirements of portable multiple-communication protocol enabled hand-held devices, a multiband antenna solution is highly desired. Most of the existing antennas used in current hand-held devices have negative gain of several dBs while base-band processing struggles to recover the last tenth of dB gain through more complex algorithms. However, considering antenna performance requirements and the tradeoffs associated with operation over multiple disparate frequency bands, constraints on size and limitations of commercial low-cost materials, typically required in handset designs, this task becomes very challenging and highly difficult. The multiband antennas configurations presented in this paper are part of the SDR platform developed by Sandbridge Technologies [1].
Ultra-wideband antennas and diversity techniques were intensively investigated and presented in the literature with not only the goal of optimizing the gain and bandwidth [2], but also by optimizing the number and position of antennas in stationary as well as in mobile devices. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems and diversity techniques are used successfully in today’s wireless communications as part of the effort of increasing the overall data throughput and link reliability [3, 4]. However, for space diversity, one requirement is to place the antennas at least one half wavelength apart. This restriction raises significant challenges when two or more antennas are to be placed on today’s hand-held devices. Released and future release standards such as high-speed packed access (HSPA), long-term evolution (LTE), and worldwide interoperability microwave access (WiMAX), all specify open and/or close loop MIMO systems.
In our approach, we started the antenna design with a modified printed dipole antenna as miniature dipoles with split arms, targeting wireless local area network (WLAN) at 2.45 and 5 GHz frequencies bands [5–7]. A dual mode microstrip antenna [8] using a switch for selecting one of the two antennas is described in [9]. To avoid the extra components cost and the associated power consumption, in our solution, we choose two dipoles working on different frequencies and fed by microstrip lines at the same location. This configuration looks like miniature microstrip dipoles with split arms. We applied this technique first to the digital video broadcasting terrestrial/hand-held (DVB-T/H) frequency bands by using a composite structure, miniature directive antenna with high gain as shown in [10, 11], similar to metamaterial dielectric support antennas [12, 13] as a solution to enlarge the frequencies bands. As a second approach, similar to a Yagi antenna applied to microstrip structures [14], we used a selective reflector placed behind the folded dipole on multilayer dielectric substrate in order to enlarge de frequency bands. We have redesigned the composite antenna for multiple communication standard hand-held devices, supporting frequency bands specified by DVB-H, GSM, and WCDMA and we incorporated the antenna to the printed circuit board (PCB) of the device [15]. Early efforts to implement MIMO antenna systems are described in automotive [2], and hand-held devices [10, 11, 16]. Our form factor WLAN and WiMAX antenna design, with two receive and one transmit antennas, is described in [17].
A common solution to tune the multiband antenna is the PIN diode switching technique [18, 19]. Our first effort in adding a PIN diode to our antenna is presented in [20]. The antenna polarization can also be controlled by PIN diodes, as shown later the paper, servicing this way the GPS L2 band.
The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes the approach we took for the antennas design, the measurement approach is shown in Section 3 while Section 4 presents practical realization and measurement results for different antennas. Section 5 concludes the paper.
2. Antenna Design
The new antenna configurations are based on our previous work on multiband composite antennas supporting DVB and WLAN frequency bands. The basic idea is to start with the composite antenna and add a selective reflector in the near field location of the active antenna (active in the sense of main radiator not in the sense of active devices on the layer). Constructively, it is an antenna with two conductive layers of similar printed patterns, top and bottom, and a composite dielectric substrate of one or more dielectric layers with different permittivity [10, 11]. On the top side is placed the matching circuit to the microwave line. The equivalent schematic of the matching circuit, and the top and bottom side PCB of the antenna (with related dimensions) are illustrated in Figure 1. and are distributed values due to the PCB, , , and are lumped surface mount components. The line impedance and the dipole impedance are 50 and 200 Ohms, respectively.
In fact, the antenna is an inductive multifolded dipole structure [5], exhibiting multiple resonant frequencies , and having a common feed point located at zero voltage and maximum current. In Figure 1, the feed point on the top side is and the related feed point on the bottom side is . The load impedance at the feed point on the reflector side may be short or open circuit or, an impedance load, . The position () of the feed on the top side is crucial for the multiresonance frequencies of the antenna. The electrical properties of the composite dielectric between the two conductive layers are directly related to the gain as well as the width of the frequency bands covered by the antenna. With this antenna configuration it is possible to cover all frequency bands required by a specific application, with little change of the basic pattern. A large variety of antennas have been designed with dimensions ranging from 10 to 25 mm width, 20 to 50 mm length, and PCB thickness from 0.8 to 2.54 mm. The dielectric permittivity was also varied from 2.8 to 10. In the following we present only the most representatives of the produced antennas. The range of the frequency bands for different communication standards is illustrated in Figure 2.
3. Measurements
The most important parameters characteristic to antennas are the return loss () or the standing wave ration (SWR), gain and directivity. All measurements were performed using the Agilent N5230A (PNA-L) VectorNetwork Analyzer (VNA). The (or SWR) was measured directly with the VNA. Between and SWR there is the following well known conversion formula [8]: For a reasonably good antenna the SWR must be less than 3.
For the gain calculation, the Friis transmission equation was considered with the far-field condition as described in [21, 22]:
In the above equation, is the power measured at the receive antenna output port, is the power measured at the transmit antenna input port, is the gain for both transmit and receive antennas, considered identical, is the wavelength, is the separation between antennas, and is the largest physical dimension of the antenna. From (2), knowing that , through simple algebraic manipulation, the gain follows: where is measured in dBi, the transmission parameter in dB, in cm, and in GHz.
The directivity is the measure of the directional properties of the antenna related to the isotropic antenna. The directivity gain , related to the isotropic dipole is also defined in [8] as where e is the radiation efficiency of the antenna.
The directive gain was calculated with relation (3). The parameter was measured using two identical antennas or an antennas system. To obtain the directive gain diagram one antenna was rotated around direction as shown in Figure 3. In the case of the antennas system the isolation between antennas was measured directly with the VNA through the transmission parameter the between two antennas considering that .
4. Antennas
4.1. GPS Antenna
The GPS satellites transmit right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) -band signal known as at 1575.42 MHz. The minimum signal power level is dBw at the Earth's surface. The very low power level of the GPS signal requires passive antennas of a few dB gains in the immediate proximity of the receiver or, an active antenna of minimum 15 dB gain if the antenna is placed on the roof of a car, building, or boat. To achieve circular polarization from our antenna configuration, we introduced a delay line between the two branches of the folded dipole in both sides, top and bottom, as shown in Figure 4.
The top feed is through a microstrip while the bottom feed is inductive. A shift of between the top and bottom layer was added, as shown in Figure 4, to compensate for the phase shift between the two sides.
We built two-prototype antennas, first on RT-6010LM substrate: 2.45 mm thick, 15 mm wide, 27 mm high, permittivity , and dissipation factor , and the second on common PCB substrate: 1.5 mm thick, 18.5 mm wide, 33 mm high, and . For the antenna shown in Figure 5 the values of () and (), measured in mm, (as shown in Figure 1) are presented in Table 1.
(a)
(b)
We tested the antenna performance first in the lab. After the lab performance test the overall performance was evaluated on real GPS receiver. Figure 6 illustrates both the simulation and test results for the PCB substrate GPS antenna. From Figure 6 it can be seen that the return loss is dB at 1.5753 GHz. The measured bandwidth at 1.5753 GHz is around 4 MHz while at dB the bandwidth is 67 MHz.
The field test for the antenna was performed on the Sandbridge Technology SDR platform as described in Figure 7. The total sensitivity of the GPS receiver with the passive antenna was estimated at dBm [23] while adding a 27 dB signal booster right after the antenna, the total sensitivity came down to dBm.
4.2. PIN Diode Multiband Antenna
The composite folded dipole antenna can be electronically tuned in frequency by adding a PIN diode to the matching circuit on the active layer as shown in Figure 8. For the prototype antenna we used the same RT-6010LM substrate and physical dimensions mm. The antenna configuration is presented in Figure 8.
The input RF line (1) is DC decoupled (2) from the antenna top layer (8). The two branches of the dipole are phase shifted by a delay line (4). The PIN diode (3) does the impedance matching, frequency band selection, and it also changes the dipole polarization. The diode is tuned through the DC line (5) and the inductance (6). The bottom layer (7) of the antenna is totally separated from the top by the dielectric material of thickness as shown in Figure 9. A picture of the antenna with the PIN-DC connector is presented in Figure 10.
For the antenna shown in Figure 10 the values of () and (), measured in mm, (as shown in Figure 1) are presented in Table 2.
For this design configuration the return loss measurement is the main feedback parameter. Figure 11 depicts the return loss of the antenna as a function of frequency for different PIN diode polarizations, , where V, V, and V. It can be seen that the return loss for different frequency bands varies with the PIN diode polarization. This property will be exploited to tune the antenna for various frequency bands required by specific communication standards.
The next diagrams illustrate the measurements performed to characterize the electric field pattern as a function of the PIN diode polarization in the frequency bands of interest. The directive gain of the antenna was measured in the plan, normal to the antenna layers, as shown in Figure 12.
In the WiMAX frequency band, Figure 12 shows a gain improvement of 6 dB corresponding to the switching of the PIN polarization from to . The main radiative direction remains unchanged at ( to the normal).
In the WLAN frequency band, the PIN diode polarization, switched from to , caused an increase in the normal direction gain () from dBi to 3.7 dBi as shown in Figure 13.
In the GPS frequency band the changes with the PIN polarization voltage are more dramatic. As the polarization voltage changes from to the directivity pattern will change from directional at to omnidirectional. The gain rests unchanged at , but increases by an average of 5 dB in the other directions (Figure 14). If the voltage is changed from to the directional pattern stays unchanged but the radiation direction will change with from to with a gain improvement of 1.5 dB.
In the GSM band, a gain improvement of 6 dB at is observed when the polarization changes from to (practically a reverse in the radiation direction). Also a change from directional (at ) to omnidirectional pattern (at ) can be observed (see Figure 15).
4.3. MIMO Systems
Multiple folded dipole composite antenna can be placed on the same PCB to give way to a MIMO system. Three such antennas, two on the receive side and one on the transmit side were used on the Sandbridge Technology form factor SDR platform capable of executing both WiMAX and WLAN [17].
The block diagram of the SDR platform is illustrated in Figure 16 while the picture of the card with the antennas is shown in Figure 17. The TOP layer includes the microstrip feeding point and the impedance matching circuit of each antenna in the system to 50 Ohms line impedance. The bottom layer acts as frequency selective reflector, having similar print pattern as the top layer. In order to reduce the mutual coupling between antennas, a free space cut of 2.5 mm was added to the dielectric substrate near the sides of the middle antenna.
The antennas in the MIMO system were positioned such a way to maximize the spatial diversity. In order to increase the isolation between antennas, the middle antenna in the system was positioned to have the polarization perpendicular to the lateral antennas polarization.
The antennas system was built on 12 layers on PCB with 1.2 mm total thickness, global permittivity and dissipation factor less than . The PCB gap between antennas is 2.5 mm wide.
For the MIMO antennas system described in Figure 17, the values of () and (), measured in mm, (as shown in Figure 1) are presented in Table 3. is open circuit for Rx1 antenna and short circuit ( Ohm) for Tx and Rx2 antennas.
A 2 × 2 MIMO system, capable of both FDD and TDD communication modes, can be achieved by adding the forth antenna, as shown in Figure 18. The four-antenna system is an improved version of the previous three-antenna design, where Rx1 antenna has been symmetrically duplicated. In this case the complexity of the design will increase due to mutual coupling between the antennas. To reduce the mutual coupling a metal shield is added as shown in Figure 18.
Two types of measurement were performed for the MIMO antennas system characterizations: return loss and isolation between antennas. The return loss measurements are illustrated in Figure 19 for the MIMO system of three antennas.
In Figure 19 it can be seen that the return loss for the M and R (Figure 17) antennas is less than dB in the GHz band. The best antenna in the system is the Tx (L in Figure 17) antenna with dB in the GHz band. In the WLAN band the standing wave ratio is less than dB for all antennas.
We estimated the mutual coupling by using one of the antennas as a transmit antenna and the other two as receive antennas. The isolation measurements between antennas are presented in Figure 20. It can be seen an isolation better than dB between all antennas.
Theoretical analyse of the -antenna configuration regarding the isolation between antennas show that the worst isolation is between antennas 1 and 4 and, antennas 1 and 3 as shown in Figure 21.
5. Conclusions
We have shown that starting from a basic antenna design there are many possibilities for practical configurations targeting mobile applications. A single composite antenna can be configured to be a directional or omnidirectional GPS antenna. With a few minor changes in the shape of the print and adding an adaptive/tuning circuit with a PIN diode can significantly improve the antenna gain, polarization, and selectivity proprieties. A shift and enlargement of the frequencies bands has also been observed. From directivity diagrams follows that the antenna directive gain depends on the PIN diode polarization. It can also be observed an improvement in the antenna gain and a change in the antenna radiation pattern distribution. We proved that by changing the PIN diode DC voltage it is possible to select a specific directivity and also to select a number of simultaneous frequency bands or to enlarge one or more frequency bands.
We also showed that starting from the single antenna configuration a system of MIMO antennas can be also obtained with very good performance.