Review Article
Sleep, Hormones, and Circadian Rhythms throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Women and Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Table 2
The variation of hormonal rhythms across the menstrual cycle.
| Authors [Reference] | Year | Sample size | Frequency of sampling | Hormones sampled | Menstrual phases studied | Significant effect of menstrual phase | Significant effects in PMDD (versus NC) |
|
Steiner et al. [57] | 1984 | healthy | 2x/hour for 24-hours | plasma cortisol | FP | none | none | PMS | plasma PRL | LP |
|
Webley and Leidenberger [58] | 1986 | healthy | 1x/4-hour for 24-hours | plasma melatonin | FP | melatonin during LP | N/A | LP |
| Brun et al. [59] | 1987 | healthy | 1x/night | urinary immunoreactive melatonin | across full cycle | melatonin during LP | N/A |
|
Brzezinski et al. [60] | 1988 | healthy | 1x/2-hour for 24-hours | Plasma melatonin plasma PRL | early-FP | none | N/A | ovulation | mid-LP |
|
Berga and Yen [61] | 1990 | healthy | 1x/hour in daytime 2x/hour in nighttime | Plasma melatonin | early-FP | none | N/A | late-FP | mid-LP | late-LP |
|
Parry et al. [62] | 1990 | healthy PMS | 2x/hour for 27-hours | plasma melatonin | early-FP | none | ↓ melatonin AUC ↓ melatonin duration melatonin phase-advanced | late-FP | mid-LP | late-LP |
|
Ito et al. [47] | 1993 | healthy | 1x/hour for 24-hours | plasma melatonin | menses | none | N/A | late-FP | early-LP | late-LP |
|
Parry et al. [63] | 1994 | healthy PMDD | 2x/hour for 27-hours | plasma cortisol | mid-FPlate-LP | In healthy: cortisol phase-delayed in late- LP | PRL amplitude at both phases PRL peak at both phases | plasma PRL plasma TSH |
|
Cagnacci et al. [35] | 1996 | healthy | 4x/hour for 24-hours | plasma melatonin | FP | melatonin phase-delay during LP | N/A | LP |
| Parry et al. [64] | 1996 | healthy PMDD | 2x/hour for 27-hours | plasma TSH plasma PRL | mid-FPlate-LP | none | PRL peak at both phases TSH phase-advanced at both phases |
|
Parry et al. [65] | 1997 | healthy PMDD | 2x/hour for 27-hours | plasma melatonin | mid-FPlate-LP | In PMDD: AUC, amplitude, duration, delayed onset during late-LP | AUC at both phases | mean levels at both phases |
|
Bloch et al. [66] | 1998 | healthy PMS | 1x/day | plasma cortisol | early-FP | none | none | mid-FP | late-FP | ovulation | early-LP | mid-FP | late-FP |
Wright and Badia [67] | 1999 | healthy | 1x/hour for 24-hours | salivary melatonin | FP | none | N/A | LP |
|
Shibui et al. [37] | 2000 | healthy | 1x/hour for 24-hours | Plasma melatonin plasma cortisol plasma TSH | FPLP | melatonin AUC during LP | N/A | cortisol amplitude during LP | TSH amplitude during LP | TSH phase-delay during LP |
|
Parry et al. [68] | 2000 | healthy | 2x/hour for 27-hours | plasma cortisol | mid-FP | In healthy: cortisol phase-advanced in LP | none | PMDD | late-LP |
|
|
PMS: premenstrual syndrome; PMDD: premenstrual dysphoric disorder; FP: follicular phase; LP: luteal phase; PRL, prolactin; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; AUC: area under the curve.
|