Author, year (ref) Subject Characteristics VDR gene investigated Measurement of insulin metabolism Main outcome Notes (a) Insulin Secretion Speer et al. [78 ] 2001 49 Caucasians with T2DM, 29 subjects with obesity but no T2DM, 138 healthy controls Bsm IFasting and postprandial C-peptide Higher postprandial C-peptide in BB genotype among T2DM and obese subjects Highest postprandial C-peptide in subjects with BB and estrogen receptor polymorphism Hitman et al. 1998 [79 ] 171 Bangladeshi Asians Taq I, Bsm I, Apa IOGTT Higher insulin secretion index in AA genotype No genotype differences in 32, 33 split proinsulin Ogunkolade et al. 2002 [80 ] 143 healthy Bangladeshi Asians Taq I, Bsm I, Fok l, Apa IOGTT Taq I genotype independently predicted insulin secretion index; tt genotypes had greatest insulin secretion index— (b) Insulin resistance Filus et al. 2008 [81 ] 176 Polish men Fok l, Bsm IFasting insulin and glucose FF/Ff genotype associated with greater fasting insulin than ff BB genotype associated with greater BMI and waist circumference; FF genotype associated with lower HDL-C Chiu et al. 2001 [82 ] 49 glucose-tolerant Caucasian Americans Fok IFasting insulin and glucose ff/Ff genotypes had higher fasting insulin and HOMA-IR than FF; Fok I genotype independently predicted HOMA-IR ff/Ff genotypes had higher postchallenge insulin AUC; higher WHR in ff/Ff genotypes; HOMA-
did not differ between genotypes Oh and Barret-Connor 2002 [83 ] 1545 Caucasian Americans Taq I, Bsm I, Apa IFasting insulin and glucose Fasting glucose higher in aa genotype (Apa I); HOMA-IR higher in BB genotype (Bsm I) Trend towards higher aa frequency in subjects with T2DM versus those without (
) Ortlepp et al. 2003 [84 ] 1539 healthy, male German soldiers Bsm IFasting glucose Fasting glucose independently associated with Bsm I VDR (BB genotype) only in subjects with low physical activity — Tworowska-Bardińska et al. 2008 [85 ] 350 healthy, Polish postmenopausal women Bsm IFasting insulin and glucose No difference in fasting insulin, glucose, or fasting insulin resistance index between genotypes Greater LDL-C in BB genotype among those with central obesity (c) Type 2 Diabetes Ortlepp et al. 2003 [84 ] 293 German adults at risk for coronary artery disease Bsm I— Higher T2DM prevalence in BB versus bb genotype; OR of 3.64 (CI: 1.53–8.55) Higher coronary artery disease prevalence in BB genotype Dilmec et al. 2009 [86 ] 72 Turkish adults with T2DM versus 169 healthy controls Taq I, Apa I— No statistical difference in genotype frequencies among cases versus controls No difference in fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c among subjects with VDR polymorphisms versus those without Malecki et al. 2003 [87 ] 308 Polish adults with T2DM versus 240 controls Taq I, Bsm I, Fok l, Apa I— No statistical difference in genotype frequencies among cases versus controls — Ye 2001 et al. [88 ] 309 Caucasians (French) with T2DM versus 143 controls Taq I, Bsm I, Tru 9I, Apa I— No statistical difference in genotype frequencies among cases versus controls TT (Taq I) and bb (Bsm I) genotypes associated with BMI among subjects with early onset T2DM Boullu-Sanchis et al. 1999 [89 ] 89 migrant Indians of Guadeloupe with T2DM versus 100 controls Taq I, Apa I— No statistical difference in genotype frequencies among cases versus controls —