Muscular Dystrophies at Different Ages: Metabolic and Endocrine Alterations

Table 1

Clinical aspects, metabolic and endocrine issues on muscular dystrophies.

		Age of onset	Clinical characteristics	Metabolic issues	Endocrine issues	Clinical complications	Life span
Childhood Muscular Dystrophy	DMD	Early infancy	Muscle weakness Gower’s sign Joint contractures Muscle atrophy	Obesity Insulin resistance Malnutrition	Hypogonadism Delayed puberty Low testosterone level Growth failure	Wheelchair dependency Loss of ability of self-feeding Gastric distension Respiratory insufficiency Cardiomyopathy	25–30 years old
	BMD	2–20 years old					Variable: 4th or 5th decade of life
Adult Muscular Dystrophy	MD1	20–60 years old	Myotonia Muscle weakness	Obesity Insulin resistance Hyperinsulinemia Hypertriglyceridemia Glucose intolerance	Hypogonadism Oligospermia Low testosterone levels Reduced fertility Erectile dysfunction Testicular atrophy	Hypogammaglobulinemia Pneumonia Cardiac arrhythmias	Variable: 5th or 6th decade of life
	MD2	~48 years old