Journal Menu
- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
International Journal of Endocrinology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 793953, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/793953
Review Article
Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and Atherosclerosis
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
2School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
3Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
Received 10 June 2011; Accepted 9 November 2011
Academic Editor: Stephen L. Atkin
Copyright © 2012 Akl C. Fahed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- WHO, “Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010,” June 2011, http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/index.html.
- D. J. Lerner and W. B. Kannel, “Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population,” American Heart Journal, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 383–390, 1986. View at Scopus
- G. Mercuro, M. Deidda, A. Piras, C. C. Dessalvi, S. Maffei, and G. M. C. Rosano, “Gender determinants of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases,” Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 207–220, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- T. H. Jones and F. Saad, “The effects of testosterone on risk factors for, and the mediators of, the atherosclerotic process,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 207, no. 2, pp. 318–327, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Cornoldi, G. Caminiti, G. Marazzi et al., “Effects of chronic testosterone administration on myocardial ischemia, lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in elderly male diabetic patients with coronary artery disease,” International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 50–55, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. M. Traish, R. Abdou, and K. E. Kypreos, “Androgen deficiency and atherosclerosis: the lipid link,” Vascular Pharmacology, vol. 51, no. 5-6, pp. 303–313, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Muller, A. W. van den Beld, M. L. Bots, D. E. Grobbee, S. W. J. Lamberts, and Y. T. van der Schouw, “Endogenous Sex Hormones and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Elderly Men,” Circulation, vol. 109, no. 17, pp. 2074–2079, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Brown-Sequard, “The effects produced on man by subcutaneous injections of liquid obtained from the testicles of animals,” The Lancet, vol. 134, article105, 1889.
- E. R. Freeman, D. A. Bloom, and E. J. McGuire, “A brief history of testosterone,” Journal of Urology, vol. 165, no. 2, pp. 371–373, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Bourghardt, A. S. K. Wilhelmson, C. Alexanderson et al., “Androgen receptor-dependent and independent atheroprotection by testosterone in male mice,” Endocrinology, vol. 151, no. 11, pp. 5428–5437, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Y. Qiu, T. Yanase, H. Hu et al., “Dihydrotestosterone suppresses foam cell formation and attenuates atherosclerosis development,” Endocrinology, vol. 151, no. 7, pp. 3307–3316, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Bolla, D. Gonzalez, P. Warde et al., “Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 337, no. 5, pp. 295–300, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. B. Shahinian, Y. F. Kuo, J. L. Freeman, E. Orihuela, and J. S. Goodwin, “Increasing use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for the treatment of localized prostate carcinoma,” Cancer, vol. 103, no. 8, pp. 1615–1624, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Basaria, “Androgen abuse in athletes: detection and consequences,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 1533–1543, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Choong and S. Basaria, “Emerging cardiometabolic complications of androgen deprivation therapy,” Aging Male, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. M. Haddad, C. C. Kennedy, S. M. Caples et al., “Testosterone and cardiovascular risk in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 29–39, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Aversa, R. Bruzziches, D. Francomano et al., “Effects of testosterone undecanoate on cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in middle-aged men with late-onset hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: results from a 24-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study,” The Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 3495–3503, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Y. Kalinchenko, Y. A. Tishova, G. J. Mskhalaya, L. J. G. Gooren, E. J. Giltay, and F. Saad, “Effects of testosterone supplementation on markers of the metabolic syndrome and inflammation in hypogonadal men with the metabolic syndrome: the double-blinded placebo-controlled Moscow study,” Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 602–612, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- E. L. Ding, Y. Song, V. S. Malik, and S. Liu, “Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 295, no. 11, pp. 1288–1299, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- E. Selvin, M. Feinleib, L. Zhang et al., “Androgens and diabetes in men: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III),” Diabetes Care, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 234–238, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. E. Laaksonen, L. Niskanen, K. Punnonen et al., “Sex hormones, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study,” European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 149, no. 6, pp. 601–608, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Muller, D. E. Grobbee, I. den Tonkelaar, S. W. J. Lamberts, and Y. T. van der Schouw, “Endogenous sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in aging men,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 2618–2623, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. E. Laaksonen, L. Niskanen, K. Punnonen et al., “Testosterone and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Predict the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes in Middle-Aged Men,” Diabetes Care, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1036–1041, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- U. M. Rajala, S. M. Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, P. K. Hirsso et al., “Associations of total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels with insulin sensitivity in middle-aged Finnish men [3],” Diabetes Care, vol. 30, no. 4, Article ID e13, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- E. L. Ding, Y. Song, J. E. Manson et al., “Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 361, no. 12, pp. 1152–1163, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Haidar, A. Yassin, F. Saad, and R. Shabsigh, “Effects of androgen deprivation on glycaemic control and on cardiovascular biochemical risk factors in men with advanced prostate cancer with diabetes,” Aging Male, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 189–196, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. A. Boyanov, Z. Boneva, and V. G. Christov, “Testosterone supplementation in men with type 2 diabetes, visceral obesity and partial androgen deficiency,” Aging Male, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2003. View at Scopus
- D. Kapoor, E. Goodwin, K. S. Channer, and T. H. Jones, “Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes,” European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 154, no. 6, pp. 899–906, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. I. Naharci, M. Pinar, E. Bolu, and A. Olgun, “Effect of testosterone on insulin sensitivity in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,” Endocrine Practice, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 629–635, 2007. View at Scopus
- T. H. Jones, S. Arver, H. M. Behre et al., “Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with Type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study),” Diabetes Care, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 828–837, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. Morimoto, C. A. Mendoza-Rodríguez, M. Hiriart, M. E. Larrieta, P. Vital, and M. A. Cerbón, “Protective effect of testosterone on early apoptotic damage induced by streptozotocin in rat pancreas,” Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 187, no. 2, pp. 217–224, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. R. Smith, “Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: new concepts and concerns,” Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 247–254, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- N. L. Keating, A. J. O'Malley, and M. R. Smith, “Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 24, no. 27, pp. 4448–4456, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. M. Isidori, E. Giannetta, E. A. Greco et al., “Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: a meta-analysis,” Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 280–293, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. Gustafson, A. Hammarstedt, C. X. Andersson, and U. Smith, “Inflamed adipose tissue: a culprit underlying the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 2276–2283, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- E. T. Schroeder, L. Zheng, M. D. Ong et al., “Effects of androgen therapy on adipose tissue and metabolism in older men,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 10, pp. 4863–4872, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. Niskanen, D. E. Laaksonen, K. Punnonen, P. Mustajoki, J. Kaukua, and A. Rissanen, “Changes in sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone during weight loss and weight maintenance in abdominally obese men with the metabolic syndrome,” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 208–215, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Pritchard, J.-P. Després, J. Gagnon et al., “Plasma adrenal, gonadal, and conjugated steroids before and after long term overfeeding in identical twins,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 83, no. 9, pp. 3277–3284, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- D. E. Laaksonen, L. Niskanen, K. Punnonen et al., “The metabolic syndrome and smoking in relation to hypogonadism in middle-aged men: a prospective cohort study,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 712–719, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. M. Traish, F. Saad, and A. Guay, “The dark side of testosterone deficiency: II. type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance,” Journal of Andrology, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 23–32, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. Zumoff, L. K. Miller, and G. W. Strain, “Reversal of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obese men by administration of the aromatase inhibitor testolactone,” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1126–1128, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Saad and L. J. Gooren, “The role of testosterone in the etiology and treatment of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus type 2,” Journal of Obesity, vol. 2011, Article ID 471584, 10 pages, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. M. Traish, R. J. Feeley, and A. Guay, “Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: androgen deficiency and endothelial dysfunction may be the link between obesity and erectile dysfunction,” FEBS Journal, vol. 276, no. 20, pp. 5755–5767, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Adiels, S.-O. Olofsson, M.-R. Taskinen, and J. Borén, “Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1225–1236, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. Simon, M. A. Charles, K. Nahoul et al., “Association between plasma total testosterone and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adult men: the telecom study,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 682–685, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Barrett-Connor, “Lower endogenous androgen levels and dyslipidemia in men with non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 117, no. 10, pp. 807–811, 1992. View at Scopus
- S. M. Haffner, L. Mykkanen, R. A. Valdez, and M. S. Katz, “Relationship of sex hormones to lipids and lipoproteins in nondiabetic men,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 1610–1615, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. S. Uyanik, Z. Ari, B. Gümüs, M. R. Yiǧitoǧlu, and T. Arslan, “Beneficial effects of testosterone undecanoate on the lipoprotein profiles in healthy elderly men. A placebo controlled study,” Japanese Heart Journal, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 73–82, 1997. View at Scopus
- J. S. Tenover, “Effects of testosterone supplementation in the aging male,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1092–1098, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. P. Ly, M. Jimenez, T. N. Zhuang, D. S. Celermajer, A. J. Conway, and D. J. Handelsman, “A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of transdermal dihydrotestosterone gel on muscular strength, mobility, and quality of life in older men with partial androgen deficiency,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 86, no. 9, pp. 4078–4088, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- I. van Pottelbergh, L. Braeckman, D. De Bacquer, G. De Backer, and J. M. Kaufman, “Differential contribution of testosterone and estradiol in the determination of cholesterol and lipoprotein profile in healthy middle-aged men,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 95–102, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Zgliczynski, M. Ossowski, J. Slowinska-Srzednicka et al., “Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on lipids and lipoproteins in hypogonadal and elderly men,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 35–43, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Zitzmann and E. Nieschlag, “Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length and body mass index modulate the safety of long-term intramuscular testosterone undecanoate therapy in hypogonadal men,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 3844–3853, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. D. Thompson, E. M. Cullinane, S. P. Sady et al., “Contrasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum lipoprotein levels,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 261, no. 8, pp. 1165–1168, 1989. View at Scopus
- A. A. Ariyo, C. Thach, and R. Tracy, “Lp(a) lipoprotein, vascular disease, and mortality in the elderly,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 349, no. 22, pp. 2108–2115, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. A. Kaplan, J. Lin, A. O. Johnson-Levonas, A. K. Shah, and A. G. Meehan, “Increased occurrence of marked elevations of lipoprotein(a) in ageing, hypercholesterolaemic men with low testosterone,” Aging Male, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 40–43, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Tomaszewski, F. J. Charchar, C. Maric et al., “Association between lipid profile and circulating concentrations of estrogens in young men,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 257–262, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. H. Johnsen, E. B. Mathiesen, E. Fosse et al., “Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are protective against plaque progression: a follow-up study of 1952 persons with carotid atherosclerosis. The Tromsø Study,” Circulation, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 498–504, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Svartberg, D. von Mühlen, H. Schirmer, E. Barrett-Connor, J. Sundfjord, and R. Jorde, “Association of endogenous testosterone with blood pressure and left ventricular mass in men. The Tromsø Study,” European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 65–71, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. Maravelias, A. Dona, M. Stefanidou, and C. Spiliopoulou, “Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes. A constant threat,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 167–175, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. Marin, S. Holmäng, C. Gustafsson et al., “Androgen treatment of abdominally obese men,” Obesity Research, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 245–251, 1993.
- P. Kumanov, A. Tomova, and G. Kirilov, “Testosterone replacement therapy in male hypogonadism is not associated with increase of endothelin-1 levels,” International Journal of Andrology, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 41–47, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. Kumanov, A. Tomova, G. Kirilov, L. Dakovska, and A. Schinkov, “Increased plasma endothelin levels in patients with male hypogonadism,” Andrologia, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 29–33, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Vignozzi, A. Morelli, S. Filippi et al., “Testosterone regulates RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling in two distinct animal models of chemical diabetes,” The Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 620–632, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. Marin, A. Escrig, P. Abreu, and M. Mas, “Androgen-dependent nitric oxide release in rat penis correlates with levels of constitutive nitric oxide synthase isoenzymes,” Biology of Reproduction, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1012–1016, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Cakir, O. Ozcan, H. Yaman et al., “Elevated plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine that is reduced by single dose testosterone administration in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 1651–1654, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- E. Leifke, M. Kinzel, D. Tsikas, L. Gooren, J. C. Frölich, and G. Brabant, “Effects of normalization of plasma testosterone levels in hypogonadal men on plasma levels and urinary excretion of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA),” Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 56–59, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. E. Hak, J. C. M. Witteman, F. H. de Jong, M. I. Geerlings, A. Hofman, and H. A. P. Pols, “Low levels of endogenous androgens increase the risk of atherosclerosis in elderly men: the Rotterdam Study,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 8, pp. 3632–3639, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. A. McCrohon, A. K. Death, S. Nakhla et al., “Androgen receptor expression is greater in macrophages from male than from female donors: a sex difference with implications for atherogenesis,” Circulation, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 224–226, 2000. View at Scopus
- S. Ling, D. Aozhi, M. R. I. Williams et al., “Testosterone (T) enhances apoptosis-related damage in human vascular endothelial cells,” Endocrinology, vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 1119–1125, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Alexandersen, J. Haarbo, I. Byrjalsen, H. Lawaetz, and C. Christiansen, “Natural androgens inhibit male atherosclerosis: a study in castrated, cholesterol-fed rabbits,” Circulation Research, vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 813–819, 1999. View at Scopus
- D. L. Tharp, I. Masseau, J. Ivey, V. K. Ganjam, and D. K. Bowles, “Endogenous testosterone attenuates neointima formation after moderate coronary balloon injury in male swine,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 152–160, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- H. Hanke, C. Lenz, B. Hess, K. D. Spindler, and W. Weidemann, “Effect of testosterone on plaque development and androgen receptor expression in the arterial vessel wall,” Circulation, vol. 103, no. 10, pp. 1382–1385, 2001. View at Scopus
- J. E. Nettleship, T. H. Jones, K. S. Channer, and R. D. Jones, “Physiological testosterone replacement therapy attenuates fatty streak formation and improves high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the Tfm mouse: an effect that is independent of the classic androgen receptor,” Circulation, vol. 116, no. 21, pp. 2427–2434, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. E. Heufelder, F. Saad, M. C. Bunck, and L. Gooren, “Fifty-two-week treatment with diet and exercise plus transdermal testosterone reverses the metabolic syndrome and improves glycemic control in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and subnormal plasma testosterone,” Journal of Andrology, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 726–733, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. J. Malkin, P. J. Pugh, R. D. Jones, D. Kapoor, K. S. Channer, and T. H. Jones, “The effect of testosterone replacement on endogenous inflammatory cytokines and lipid profiles in hypogonadal men,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 3313–3318, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. M. Liva and R. R. Voskuhl, “Testosterone acts directly on CD4+ T lymphocytes to increase IL-10 production,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 167, no. 4, pp. 2060–2067, 2001. View at Scopus
- V. Bhatia, A. Chaudhuri, R. Tomar, S. Dhindsa, H. Ghanim, and P. Dandona, “Low testosterone and high C-reactive protein concentrations predict low hematocrit in type 2 diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 2289–2294, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. Kapoor, S. Clarke, R. Stanworth, K. S. Channer, and T. H. Jones, “The effect of testosterone replacement theraphy on adipocytokines and C-reactive protein in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes,” European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 156, no. 5, pp. 595–602, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. K. C. Ng, P. Y. Liu, A. J. Williams et al., “Prospective study of effect of androgens on serum inflammatory markers in men,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1136–1141, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Fu, Q. P. Gao, and J. X. Shen, “Relationship between testosterone and indexes indicating endothelial function in male coronary heart disease patients,” Asian Journal of Andrology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 214–218, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- H. Hatakeyama, M. Nishizawa, A. Nakagawa, S. Nakano, T. Kigoshi, and K. Uchida, “Testosterone inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human aortic endothelial cells,” FEBS Letters, vol. 530, no. 1–3, pp. 129–132, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Akishita, M. Hashimoto, Y. Ohike et al., “Low testosterone level is an independent determinant of endothelial dysfunction in men,” Hypertension Research, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1029–1034, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. M. Kang, Y. Jang, J. Y. Kim et al., “Effect of oral administration of testosterone on brachial arterial vasoreactivity in men with coronary artery disease,” American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 862–864, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. M. Kenny, K. M. Prestwood, C. A. Gruman, G. Fabregas, B. Biskup, and G. Mansoor, “Effects of transdermal testosterone on lipids and vascular reactivity in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels,” The Journals of Gerontology A, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. M460–M465, 2002. View at Scopus
- M. Zitzmann, M. Brune, and E. Nieschlag, “Vascular reactivity in hypogonadal men is reduced by androgen substitution,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 11, pp. 5030–5037, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. U. S. Mattace-Raso, T. J. M. van der Cammen, A. Hofman et al., “Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam Study,” Circulation, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 657–663, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- H. Hougaku, J. L. Fleg, S. S. Najjar et al., “Relationship between androgenic hormones and arterial stiffness, based on longitudinal hormone measurements,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 290, no. 2, pp. E234–E242, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- L. J. Pearson, T. G. Yandle, M. G. Nicholls, and J. J. Evans, “Regulation of endothelin-1 release from human endothelial cells by sex steroids and angiotensin-II,” Peptides, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1057–1061, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Keymel, C. Kalka, T. Rassaf, Y. Yeghiazarians, M. Kelm, and C. Heiss, “Impaired endothelial progenitor cell function predicts age-dependent carotid intimal thickening,” Basic Research in Cardiology, vol. 103, no. 6, pp. 582–586, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Foresta, N. Caretta, A. Lana et al., “Reduced number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in hypogonadal men,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 4599–4602, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Foresta, D. Zuccarello, L. De Toni, A. Garolla, N. Caretta, and A. Ferlin, “Androgens stimulate endothelial progenitor cells through an androgen receptor-mediated pathway,” Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 284–289, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. A. Lesser, “The treatment of angina pectoris with testosterone propionate—preliminary report,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 226, pp. 51–54, 1942.
- M. A. Lesser, “Testosterone propionate therapy in one hundred cases of angina pectoris,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 6, pp. 549–557, 1946.
- T. C. Walker, “Use of testosterone propionate and estrogenic substance in treatment of essential hypertension, angina pectoris and peripheral vascular disease,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 560–568, 1942.
- M. D. Jaffe, “Effect of testosterone cypionate on postexercise ST segment depression,” British Heart Journal, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1217–1222, 1977. View at Scopus
- S. Wu and X. Weng, “Therapeutic effects of an androgenic preparation on myocardial ischemia and cardiac function in 62 elderly male coronary heart disease patients,” Chinese Medical Journal, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 415–418, 1993. View at Scopus
- K. Ezaki, M. Nakagawa, Y. Taniguchi et al., “Gender differences in the ST segment: effect of androgen-deprivation therapy and possible role of testosterone,” Circulation Journal, vol. 74, no. 11, pp. 2448–2454, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Mathur, C. Malkin, B. Saeed, R. Muthusamy, T. Hugh Jones, and K. Channer, “Long-term benefits of testosterone replacement therapy on angina threshold and atheroma in men,” European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 443–449, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. Caminiti, M. Volterrani, F. Iellamo et al., “Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 919–927, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. J. Malkin, K. S. Channer, and T. H. Jones, “Testosterone and heart failure,” Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 262–268, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Zitzmann, E. Vorona, M. Wenk, F. Saad, and E. Nieschlag, “Testosterone administration decreases carotid artery intima media thickness as indicator of vascular damage in middle-aged overweight men,” Journal of Andrology, pp. 54–55, 2008.
- T. Heitzer, T. Schlinzig, K. Krohn, T. Meinertz, and T. Münzel, “Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease,” Circulation, vol. 104, no. 22, pp. 2673–2678, 2001. View at Scopus
- B. G. Schwartz and R. A. Kloner, “How to save a life during a clinic visit for erectile dysfunction by modifying cardiovascular risk factors,” International Journal of Impotence Research, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 327–335, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. B. Yeap, “Androgens and cardiovascular disease,” Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 269–276, 2010.
- O. M. Calof, A. B. Singh, M. L. Lee et al., “Adverse events associated with testosterone replacement in middle-aged and older men: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials,” The Journals of Gerontology A, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1451–1457, 2005. View at Scopus
- M. M. Fernández-Balsells, M. H. Murad, M. Lane et al., “Adverse effects of testosterone therapy in adult men: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 2560–2575, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. Shabsigh, E. D. Crawford, A. Nehra, and K. M. Slawin, “Testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men and potential prostate cancer risk: a systematic review,” International Journal of Impotence Research, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 9–23, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus