Inflammatory Factors and Exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 2

Summary of the potential causes of chronic inflammation in chronic kidney disease (adapted from Cheung et al. [26]).

Causes of inflammation in CKD	Additional inflammatory factors relating to dialysis
(i) Decreased GFR; (ii) Decreased clearance or increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; (iii) Volume overload; (iv) Oxidative stress; (v) Carbonyl stress; (vi) Deteriorating nutritional state and food intake; (vii) Alterations in body composition; (viii) Uraemic toxins; (ix) Infection; (x) Genetic and epigenetic factors	(i) Intravenous catheter, peritoneal dialysis catheter and its related infections; (ii) Dialysis membranes with poor biocompatibility; (iii) Impurities in dialysis water and dialysate; (iv) Back-filtration or back-diffusion of contaminants; (v) Constant exposure to peritoneal dialysis solution; (vi) Peritonitis

CKD: chronic kidney disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.