Inflammatory Factors and Exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 3

Exercise intervention studies in haemodialysis patients.

Study	Design; (Number of patients)	Training	Outcome measures: Exercise versus control (unless stated otherwise)
Afshar et al., 2010 [93]	RCT; (7 aerobic, 7 resistance, 7 CON)	Aerobic: ID cycling: RPE 12–14; 10–30 min, 3x/wk, 8 wks; Resistance exercises: RPE 15–17; 3x/wk, 8 wks	Aerobic versus resistance versus CON; Hs-CRP: −83.9% versus −67.9% versus +1.5%; Serum creatinine: −65.6% versus −59.9% versus +1.2%; Albumin: NC
Afshar et al., 2011 [94]	RCT; (14 EX versus 14 CON)	ID cycling @ RPE 12–14; 10–30 min 3x/wk, 8 wks	Serum leptin: −19.9% versus +29.2%; CRP: −83.2% versus +1.2%
Cheema et al., 2007 [92]; Cheema et al., 2011 [85]	RCT; (24 EX versus 25 CON)	ID PRT: 2 sets 10 exercises @ RPE 15–17 using free weights.; 3x/wk, 12 wks	Total strength: +15.2 versus −2.4 kg; Mid-thigh circumference: +0.7 versus −0.3 cm; Log CRP: −0.08 versus +0.24; TNF-α: NC; IL-1β: NC; IL-6: NC; IL-10: NC; IL-12: NC
Daniilidis et al., 2004 [84]	RCT; (20 EX versus 14 CON)	NDT aerobic interval exercises (steps, treadmill, gymnastics, swimming, and ball games) @ 75–85% HRpeak; 60 min, 3x/wk, 6 months	VO2peak: +42% versus NC; IL-2: NC; IL-4: NC; IL-6: NC; T-lymphocyte subsets: NC
Golebiowski et al., 2012 [89]	Uncontrolled; (29 EX)	ID cycling; 3x/wk 3 months	6 min walk velocity: +4%; CRP: NC; IL-6: NC
Kopple et al., 2007 [86]	RCT; (10 end-EX, 15 Str-EX, 12 Com-EX, 14 CON, 20 healthy-CON)	End-EX: ID cycling up to 40 min @ approx. 50% VO2peak; Str-EX: NDT leg resistance exercise; 3 sets of 6–8 reps @ 80% of 5 RM; Com-EX: half End-EX/half Str-EX; All: 3x/wk, 18 wks	Duration and work rate of exercise sessions: significant improvement in all exercise groups.; CRP: NC; TNF-α: NC; IL-6: NC
Nindl et al., 2004 [91]; (Headley et al., 2002 [95])	Uncontrolled; (10 EX)	NDT: PRT using 9 resistance machine exercises; 1–3 sets 15x reps; 2x/wk, 12 wks	6 min walk test distance: +5%; Peak torque: +12.6%; CRP: week −6: 12.42 ± 2.96 mg/L; week 0: 10.37 ± 2.71 mg/L; week 6: 7.55 ± 1.57 mg/L; week 12: 6.12 ± 1.07 mg/L
Toussaint et al., 2008 [87]	Randomised crossover; (𝑁=10+9)	ID cycling 30 min 3x/wk; 3 months (1 month washout)	3 months EX versus 3 months non-EX; CRP: NC
Wilund et al., 2010 [88]	RCT; (8 EX versus 9 CON)	ID cycling, 45 min @ RPE 12–14; 3x/wk, 4 months	Shuttle walk test distance: +17% versus NC; CRP: NC; IL-6: NC
Zatuska et al., 2002 [90]	Uncontrolled; (10 EX)	ID cycling; 30 min, 3x/wk, 6 months	CRP: decrease (𝑃<0.046)

CON: control; CRP: C-reactive protein; EX: exercise; HR_peak: peak heart-rate; Hs: high-sensitivity; ID: intradialytic; IL: interleukin; NC: no significant changes; NDT: non-dialysis time; PRT: progressive resistance training; RCT: randomised controlled trial; RM: repetition maximum; RPE: rating of perceived exertion; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-alpha.