Inflammatory Factors and Exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 4

Exercise intervention studies in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients.

Study	Design; (Number of patients)	Training	Outcome measures: exercise versus control (unless stated otherwise)
Castaneda et al., 2004 [96]	RCT; (14 EX versus 12 CON); (median GFR 27.5 ml/min/1.73 m^2)	Supervised; 5x resistance exercise machines; 3 sets, 8 reps @ 80% 1 RM (progressive); 3x/wk, 12 wks	Type I muscle fibre CSA: 24% versus −14%; Type II muscle fibre CSA: 22% versus −13%; Muscle strength: +86 ± 45 kg versus −35 ± 62 kg; CRP: −1.7 mg/L versus +1.5 mg/L; IL-6: −4.2 pg/mL versus 2.3 pg/mL
Headley et al., 2012 [97]	RCT; (10 EX versus 11 CON); (CKD stage 2–4)	Mixed aerobic training up to; 55 min @ 50–60% VO2peak and some resistance exercises; 3x/wk, 48 wks	VO2peak: 18.1 to 19.5 versus 18.8 to; 17.0 mL/kg/min; hs-CRP: NC; IL-6: NC
Leehey et al., 2009 [98]	RCT; (7 EX versus 4 CON); [CKD stage 2–4]	Walking exercise >30 min 3x/wk; 6 wks supervised followed by; 18 wks home based	Exercise duration at 0, 6, and 24 wks: EX: 6.6 to 11.3 to 10.2 min versus CON: NC; CRP: NC

CON: control; CRP: C-reactive protein; CSA: cross-sectional area; EX: exercise; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; IL: interleukin; NC: no significant changes; RCT: randomised controlled trial; RM: repetition maximum.