Review Article

Increasing Whole Grain Intake as Part of Prevention and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Table 1

Whole grains included under the American Association of Cereal Chemists definition, key macronutrients, and micronutrients that may play a role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Refined wheat and rice are included as comparisons. Data are from the USDA database [18] unless otherwise stated. Note that these values are averages and do not represent the high varietal and seasonal variation that are normal for micronutrient contents of foods.

Whole grainsRefined grains
WheatRiceCornRyeOatsBarleySorghumMilletQuinoaaBuckwheataAmaranthaWheatRiceCorn

Energy (kJ/100 g)14181515151514141628148114181582154014021552152314981569
Carbohydrate (g/100 g)72.676.276.975.966.373.574.672.964.270.665.376.379.282.8
Protein (g/100 g)13.77.58.110.316.912.511.31114.112.613.610.36.55.6
Fat (g/100 g)1.92.73.61.66.92.33.34.26.13.1710.51.4
Total dietary fibre (g/100 g)12.23.47.315.110.617.36.38.57106.73.111.9
Vitamin E (mg α-tocopherol/100 g)0.80.60.40.90.70.60.10.12.40.31.20.10.10.2
Folate (µg/100 g)44202538561985184548210648
Magnesium (mg/100 g)138143127110177133114197251248223518
Glycine betaine (mg/100 g)b90321207353103602652333
Free choline (mg/100 g)b20821847102274651101018

Pseudocereals: botanically not true cereal grasses, but included in the whole grain definition due to their traditional use in the same way as cereals.
bData from Bruce et al. [19] and unpublished results using the same liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.