The Effects of Exercise Training on Obesity-Induced Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines in White Adipose Tissue

Table 3

Effects of exercise training on human blood levels of TNF-α and MCP-1.

(a) TNF-α

Citation	n, gender	Group	Exercise program	Diet restriction	Duration of intervention	Pre-TNF-α (pg/mL)	Post-TNF-α 　(pg/mL)	P value	Changes of body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), and % body fat mass (% BFM)
Katsuki et al. [59]	11 m, 1 f	Nonobese NIDDM	Walking about 15,000 steps daily	Dietary treatment (1400–1720 kcal/day with a diet consisting of 20 energy percent (en%) protein, 25 en% fat, and 55 en% carbohydrates	4 weeks			NS	BMI and visceral adipose tissue area (cm^2): decrease; subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm^2): NS
	11 m, 1 f	Obese-NIDDM	Same as above	Same as above	4 weeks		Decrease	𝑃<0.01	BMI, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue area (cm^2): decrease;
Stŗczkowski et al. [60]	8 f	Obese with normal glucose; tolerance	Cycle ergometer for 30 min on 5 times/week at 70% HRM	None	12 weeks	3.88 ± 0.49	3.27 ± 0.54	𝑃<0.05	BM, BMI, FM, and % BFM: decrease
	8 f	Obese with impaired glucose; tolerance	Same as above	None	12 weeks	6.59 ± 2.31	5.15 ± 1.19	𝑃<0.05	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
Polak et al.; [42]	25 f	Obese premenopausal	Aerobic exercise (aerobic exercise performed in gymnasium and cycleergometer) for 45 min on 5 times/week at 50% V̇O2 max	None	12 week	6.1 ± 7.6	4.8 ± 4.5	𝑃=0.08	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
Bruun et al. [33]	11 m, 12 f	Obese	Exercise training consisted of at least 2-3 h of moderate intensity physical activity (e.g., walking, swimming, aerobics) on 5 times/week	Hypocaloric diet calculated to reduce the subject’s body; weight by ~1%/week	15 weeks	1.0 ± 0.08	1.0 ± 0.2	NS	BM, BMI, and FM: decrease
Kondo et al. [45]	8 f	Nonobese control	None	None	7 months	2.3 ± 0.9	2.1 ± 1.4	NS	BM, BMI: NS; FM and % BFM: decrease
	8 f	Obese	Exercise training (fast slope walking, slope jogging, dumbbells, stretching, leg cycling, and jumping rope) for 30–60 min at 60–70% HRM on 4-5 times/week	None	7 months	7.6 ± 2.3	4.8 ± 1.2	𝑃<0.01	BM, BMI, FM, and % BFM: decrease
Horne et al. [61]	7 m	Healthy endurance training	Cycle ergometers 2 times/week for 30 min and progressed to 42 min (a 4-min increase every 4 weeks) at a power output equivalent to that at ventilation threshold	None	12 weeks	5.7 ± 4.4	6.0 ± 4.0; (6 weeks); 5.9 ± 2.7; (12 weeks)	NS
	4 f		Same as above	None	12 weeks	5.6 ± 3.7	37.8 ± 24.7^a; (6 weeks); 17.6 ± 6.4^b; (12 weeks)	^a𝑃<0.05; (versus pre); ^b𝑃<0.05; (versus pre and 6 weeks)
	7 m	Healthy resistance training	Resistance training by using machine on 3 times/week	None	12 weeks	9.5 ± 3.0	10.8 ± 4.6; (6 week); 5.8 ± 2.9; (12 week)	NS
	4 f		Same as above	None	12 weeks	2.8 ± 2.0	6.6 ± 4.08; (6 weeks); 0.3 ± 0.5; (12 weeks)	NS
	8 m	Healthy endurance and resistance training	Combination of above endurance and resistance training	None	12 weeks	2.3 ± 1.9	4.7 ± 0.5; (6 weeks); 5.6 ± 2.9; (12 weeks)	NS
	5 f		Same as above	None	12 weeks	4.5 ± 2.0	8.0 ± 4.0; (6 weeks); 4.5 ± 0.5; (12 weeks)	NS
Kohut et al.; [62]	40	Overweight aerobic exercise with or without β-blocker treatment	Aerobic exercise for 45 min on 3 times/week	None	10 months		Decrease	Main effect of time, 𝑃=0.001	BMI: NS
	47	Over weight flexibility/strength exercise with or without β-blocker treatment	Flexibility/strength exercise for 45 min on 3 times/week	None	10 months		Decrease	Main effect of time, 𝑃=0.001	BMI: NS
Nicklas et al. [63]	Base line: 70; 6 months: 63: 18 months: 60	Overweight or obese older control	None	None	18 months	3.8 ± 7.5	Changes; −0.74 ± 3.7; (6 months); −0.77 ± 3.7; (18 months)	NS	BM: NS
	Base line: 67; 6 months: 58: 18 months: 53	Overweight or obese exercise	Exercise program consisted of an aerobic phase (15 min), a resistance-training phase (15 min), a second aerobic phase (15 min), and a cool-down phase (15 min) on 3 times/week.	None	18 months	3.4 ± 0.8	Changes; −0.69 ± 5.8; (6 months); 0.28 ± 6.3; (18 months)	NS	BM: NS
	Base line: 71; 6 months: 63: 18 months: 53	Overweight or obese dietary WL	None	Counseling to decrease their energy intake by 500 kcal/day	18 months	2.5 ± 1.8	Changes; −0.23 ± 1.8; (6 months); 0.64 ± 5.9; (18 months)	NS	BM: decrease
	Base line: 64; 6 months: 58; 18 months: 53	Overweight or obese exercise + dietary WL	Exercise program consisted of an aerobic phase (15 min), a resistance-training phase (15 min), a second aerobic phase (15 min), and a cool-down phase (15 min) on 3 times/week.	Same as above	18 months	3.4 ± 6.4	Changes; −0.46 ± 3.7; (6 months); −0.72 ± 4.6; (18 months)	NS	BM: decrease

(b) MCP-1

Citation	n, gender	Group	Exercise program	Diet restriction	Duration of intervention	Pre-MCP-1 (pg/mL)	Post-MCP-1　(pg/mL)	P value	Changes of BM, BMI, FM, and % BFM
Trøseid et al. [64]	14	MS with or without administration of pravastatin control	None	None	12 weeks		−2.0 (the changes from baseline in plasma levels of MCP-1)	NS	BMI: NS
	18	MS with or without administration of pravastatin exercise	The duration of each workout was 45–60 min. Approximately 40% of the scheduled workout was walking/jogging/cycling and 60% was strength training. The strength training was performed in cycles with 15–20 repetitions per cycle, and large muscle groups such as thighs, back, and abdomen were trained.	None	12 weeks		−50	𝑃<0.01	BMI: decrease
Christiansen et al. [32]	9 m, 10 f	Obese exercise	Aerobic exercise for 65–75 min on 3 times/week (energy expenditure of 500–600 kcal/session)	None	12 weeks		Decreasing trend (Relative changes)	𝑃=0.06	BM and BMI: NS; Changes in body weight after intervention were 3.5%
	10 m, 11 f	Obese exercise + hypocaloric diet	Same as above	Very low energy diet (800 kcal/day) for 8 weeks followed by a weight maintenance diet for 4 weeks	12 weeks		Decrease	𝑃<0.05	BM and BMI: NS; Changes in body weight after intervention were 11.1%
	10 m, 9 f	Obese hypocaloric diet	None	Very low energy diet (600 kcal/day) for 8 weeks followed by a weight maintenance diet for 4 weeks	12 weeks		Decrease	𝑃<0.05	BM and BMI: NS; Changes in body weight after intervention were 10.5%
Bruun et al. [33]	11 m, 12 f	Obese	Exercise training consisted of at least 2-3 h of moderate intensity physical activity (e.g., walking, swimming, aerobics) on 5 times/week	Hypocaloric diet calculated to reduce the subject’s body; weight by ~1%/week	15 weeks	141.2 ± 8.3	122.0 ± 6.3	𝑃<0.01	BM, BMI, and FM: decrease

Results are reported as mean ± SD or SE; P value reported for pre- versus post values. f: female; HRM: heart rate maximum; m: male; MS: metabolic syndrome; NIDDM: noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus; NS: not significant; RM: repetition maximum; V̇O₂ max: maximal oxygen uptake; WL: weight loss.