Relevance of a Hypersaline Sodium-Rich Naturally Sparkling Mineral Water to the Protection against Metabolic Syndrome Induction in Fructose-Fed Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Biochemical, Metabolic, and Redox Approach
Table 2
Plasma biochemical and inflammatory marker levels, at the end of the dietary intervention.
CONT
FRUCT
FRUCTMIN
Global P P between two groups
Mean
(SEM)
Mean
(SEM)
Mean
(SEM)
GOT (U/L),
105.14
(13.062)
82.14
(11.066)
84.71
(7.383)
0.279
GPT (U/L),
50.86
(8.681)
38.57
(1.192)
36.57
(2.626)
0.146
Total bilirubin (mg/L), n = 5–7
2.00
(0.0655)
1.90
(0.0447)
2.07
(0.127)
0.481
Uric acid (mg/L), n = 5–7
6.14
(0.662)
4.72
(0.371)
5.01
(0.403)
0.161
Urea (g/L), n = 5–7
0.286
(0.0104)
0.148
(0.0198)
0.186
(0.0210)
<0.001 (C versus F) < 0.001; (C versus FM) 0.001; (F versus FM) 0.163
Creatinine (mg/L), n = 5–7
5.14
(0.153)
4.56
(0.108)
5.00
(0.162)
0.052 (C versus F) 0.019; (C versus FM) 0.492; (F versus FM) 0.065
Total proteins (g/L), n = 5–7
59.57
(0.634)
62.98
(0.881)
61.49
(0.710)
0.018 [(C versus F) 0.006; (C versus FM) 0.068; (F versus FM) 0.182]
Albumin (g/L), n = 5–7
27.23
(0.342)
29.50
(0.214)
29.01
(0.304)
<0.001 (C versus F) < 0.001; (C versus FM) 0.001; (F versus FM) 0.283
Total cholesterol (g/L), n = 5–7
0.686
(0.0334)
0.666
(0.100)
0.753
(0.0390)
0.525
HDL-cholesterol (g/L), n = 5–7
0.357
(0.0224)
0.3540
(0.0486)
0.397
(0.0218)
0.518
LDL-cholesterol (g/L), n = 5–7
0.201
(0.0126)
0.204
(0.0227)
0.229
(0.0201)
0.505
HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol, n = 5–7
0.520
(0.0140)
0.536
(0.0104)
0.527
(0.00888)
0.637
HDL-cholesterol/LDL cholesterol, n = 5–7
1.82
(0.189)
1.75
(0.164)
1.81
(0.171)
0.963
Ferritin (U/L), n = 5–7
24.33
(2.577)
19.18
(0.450)
19.63
(0.374)
0.082 (C versus F) 0.055; (C versus FM) 0.055; (F versus FM) 0.859
OPG (pg/mL), n = 6-7
789.57
(226.538)
571.21
(40.265)
667.87
(83.676)
0.606
RANKL (pg/mL), n = 6-7
10.15
(1.694)
13.91
(2.675)
7.79
(1.470)
0.143
OPG/RANKL, n = 5–7
126.37
(57.324)
45.37
(9.376)
109.38
(41.657)
0.401
C-reactive protein (mg/L), n = 5-6
0.04167
(0.0095)
0.03800
(0.0058)
0.05500
(0.0034)
0.216
Substance P (pg/mL),
1978.67
(184.475)
1968.55
(216.113)
2416.07
(158.299)
0.186
TNF- (pg/mL),
718.80
(121.457)
2282.75
(1142.161)
818.77
(241.407)
0.216
IL-6 (pg/mL), n = 5-6
3.007
(0.412)
3.486
(0.601)
2.681
(0.363)
0.514
C or CONT: control; F or FRUCT: 10% fructose in tap water; FM or FRUCTMIN: 10% fructose in natural mineral-rich water; GOT: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; IL-6: interleukin-6; OPG: osteoprotegerin; RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; SEM: standard error of the mean; TNF-: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
