The Architecture of Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: Understanding Asia in the Context of Global Findings

Table 1

Published SNPs associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus at genome-wide significance (𝑃<5×10⁻⁸).

Number	SNP (allele)^1,2	Mapped gene(s)	Region^3	Disc^4 Pop	Rep^5 Pop	RAF^6	RAFEU^7	RAFEA^8	RAFSA^9	RAFAF^10	OR (95% CI)	𝑃 value
1	rs10923931 (T) [109]	NOTCH2	1p12	EUR		0.11	0.09	0.03	0.22	0.39	1.13 (1.08–1.17)	4×10^−8
2	rs340874 (C) [155]	LINC00538-PROX1	1q32.3	EUR		0.52	0.56	0.32	0.55	0.08	NR	7×10^−12
3	rs243021 (A) [116]	FLJ30838-MIR4432	2p16.1	EUR	EUR	NR	0.48	0.64	0.48	0.45	1.08 (1.06–1.10)	3×10^−15
4	rs7578597 (T) [109]	THADA	2p21	EUR		0.90	0.88	1.00	0.83	0.67	1.15 (1.10–1.20)	1×10^−9
5	rs780094 (C) [155]	GCKR	2p23.3	EUR		0.62	0.61	0.43	0.80	0.88	NR	6×10^−38
6	rs7560163 (C) [148]	RND3-FABP5P10	2q23.3	AA		0.86	1.00	0.85	0.96	0.89	1.33 (1.19–1.49)	7×10^−9
7	rs7593730 (C) [118]	RBMS1	2q24.2	EUR		0.78	0.83	0.81	0.79	0.59	1.11 (1.08–1.16)	4×10^−8
8	rs3923113 (A) [92]	EIF3EP3-SNORA70F	2q24.3	SA		0.74	0.59	0.84	0.76	0.23	1.09 (1.06–1.13)	1×10^−8
9	rs13389219 (C) [131]	GRB14-COBLL1	2q24.3	EUR		0.60	0.56	0.79	—	0.15	1.07 (1.05–1.10)	1.0×10^−8
10	rs560887 (C) [155]	G6PC2	2q31.1	EUR		0.70	0.67	0.98	0.85	1.00	NR	9×10^−218
11	rs7578326 (A) [116]	LOC646736	2q36.3	EUR		NR	0.65	0.87	0.85	0.60	1.11 (1.08–1.13)	5×10^−20
12	rs2943641 (C) [115]	NYAP2-MIR5702	2q36.3	EUR	EUR	0.63	0.63	0.94	0.74	0.76	1.19 (1.13–1.25)	9×10^−12
13	rs4607103 (C) [109]	ADAMTS9-AS2	3p14.1	EUR		0.76	0.81	0.56	0.48	0.71	1.09 (1.06–1.12)	1×10^−8
14	rs831571 (C) [127]	PSMD6-PRICKLE2-AS1	3p14.1	EA		0.61	0.77	0.65	0.83	0.84	1.09 (1.06–1.12)	8×10^−11
15	rs11708067 (A) [155]	ADCY5	3q21.1	EUR		0.78	0.77	0.99	0.77	0.89	NR	7×10^−22
16	rs11920090 (T) [155]	SLC2A2	3q26.2	EUR		0.87	0.86	0.98	—	0.68	NR	8×10^−13
17	rs1470579 (C) [116]	IGF2BP2	3q27.2	EUR	SA, EA, PS	NR	0.30	0.24	0.50	0.86	1.14 (1.09–1.19)	2×10^−9
18	rs6769511 (C) [114]	IGF2BP2	3q27.2	EA		0.32	0.30	0.24	0.50	0.84	1.23 (1.15–1.31)	1×10^−9
19	rs4402960 (T) [98]	IGF2BP2	3q27.2	EUR	EA	0.30	0.30	0.22	0.49	0.54	1.14 (1.11–1.18)	9×10^−16
20	rs16861329 (G) [92]	ST6GAL1	3q27.3	SA		0.75	0.88	0.80	0.76	0.94	1.09 (1.06–1.12)	3×10^−8
21	rs1801214 (T) [116]	WFS1	4p16.1	EUR		NR	0.12	0.20	0.24	0.06	1.13 (1.08–1.18)	3×10^−8
22	rs4689388 (T) [115]	WFS1	4p16.1	EUR	EUR	0.57	0.67	0.97	0.68	0.72	1.16 (1.10–1.21)	1×10^−8
23	rs7656416 (C) [138]	CTBP1-AS1-MAEA	4p16.3	EA		0.68	—	0.70	—	0.90	1.15 (1.10–1.21)	1×10^−8
24	rs6815464 (C) [127]	MAEA	4p16.3	EA		0.58	—	0.52	—	0.92	1.13 (1.10–1.16)	2×10^−20
25	rs459193 (G) [131]	ANKRD55-MAP3K1	5q11.2	EUR		0.70	0.78	0.51	—	0.64	1.08 (1.05–1.11)	6.0×10^−9
26	rs4457053 (G) [116]	ZBED3-AS1	5q13.3	EUR		NR	0.26	0.04	—	—	1.08 (1.06–1.11)	3×10^−12
27	rs1535500 (T) [127]	KCNK16; KCNK17	6p21.2	EA		0.42	0.47	0.44	—	0.95	1.08 (1.05–1.11)	2×10^−8
28	rs9470794 (C) [127]	ZFAND3	6p21.2	EA		0.27	0.12	0.34	0.14	0.19	1.12 (1.08–1.16)	2×10^−10
29	rs10440833 (A) [116]	CDKAL1	6p22.3	EUR	EUR	NR	0.25	0.39	—	0.21	1.25 (1.20–1.31)	2×10^−22
30	rs4712523 (G) [144]	CDKAL1	6p22.3	EA	EUR	0.41	0.34	0.41	0.24	0.68	1.27 (1.21–1.33)	7×10^−20
31	rs10946398 (C)[74]	CDKAL1	6p22.3	EUR		0.32	0.34	0.40	0.22	0.67	1.16 (1.10–1.22)	1×10^−8
32	rs6931514 (G) [109]	CDKAL1	6p22.3	EUR		NR	0.28	—	0.22	0.22	1.25 (1.17–1.33)	1×10^−11
33	rs7754840 (C) [103]	CDKAL1	6p22.3	EUR	EA	0.31	0.34	0.40	0.22	0.67	1.12 (1.08–1.16)	4×10^−11
34	rs7756992 (G) [170]	CDKAL1	6p22.3	EUR		0.26	0.28	0.50	0.24	0.58	1.20 (1.13–1.27)	8×10^−9
35	rs7766070 (A) [171]	CDKAL1	6p22.3	EUR		0.27	0.25	0.40	—	0.19	1.21 (1.14–1.28)	6×10^−11
36	rs1048886 (G) [124]	C6orf57	6q13	SEA (I)		0.18	0.15	0.09	0.17	0.34	1.54 (1.32–1.80)	3×10^−8
37	rs4607517 (A) [155]	GCK-YKT6	7p13	EUR		0.16	0.20	0.22	0.12	0.06	NR	7×10^−92
38	rs849134 (A) [116]	JAZF1	7p15.1	EUR		NR	0.54	0.81	—	0.77	1.13 (1.09–1.18)	3×10^−9
39	rs864745 (T) [109]	JAZF1	7p15.1	EUR		0.50	0.49	0.77	0.79	0.77	1.10 (1.07–1.13)	5×10^−14
40	rs2191349 (T) [155]	DGKB-AGMO	7p21.2	EUR		0.52	0.48	0.71	—	0.58	NR	3×10^−44
41	rs10229583 (G) [172]	FSCN3-PAX4	7q32	EA		0.83	0.74	0.82	0.66	0.72	1.14 (1.09–1.19)	2×10^−10
42	rs6467136 (G) [127]	ZNF800-GCC1	7q32.1	EA		0.79	0.50	0.76	0.57	0.75	1.11 (1.07–1.14)	5×10^−11
43	rs972283 (G) [116]	KLF14-MIR29A	7q32.3	EUR		NR	0.55	0.67	—	0.94	1.07 (1.05–1.10)	2×10^−10
44	rs516946 (C) [131]	ANK1	8p11.21	EUR		0.76	0.81	0.82	0.85	0.88	1.09 (1.06–1.12)	2.5×10^−10
45	rs515071 (G) [138]	ANK1; MIR486	8p11.21	EA		0.79	0.81	0.79	0.85	0.85	1.18 (1.12–1.25)	1×10^−8
46	rs896854 (T) [116]	TP53INP1	8q22.1	EUR		NR	0.44	0.32	0.40	0.75	1.06 (1.04–1.09)	1×10^−9
47	rs3802177 (G) [116]	SLC30A8	8q24.11	EUR		NR	0.76	0.53	0.78	0.94	1.15 (1.10–1.21)	1×10^−8
48	rs11558471 (A) [155]	SLC30A8	8q24.11	EUR		0.31	0.75	0.53	0.78	0.94	NR	3×10^−11
49	rs13266634 (C) [144]	SLC30A8	8q24.11	EUR	EA	0.57	0.76	0.53	0.78	0.94	1.22 (1.16–1.28)	2×10^−14
50	rs10965250 (G) [116]	CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1	9p21.3	EUR	EUR	NR	0.80	0.58	—	1.00	1.20 (1.13–1.27)	1×10^−10
51	rs1333051 (A) [149]	CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1	9p21.3	HIS		NR	0.84	0.85	0.93	0.91	1.22 (1.15–1.30)	6×10^−10
52	rs2383208 (A) [144]	CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1	9p21.3	EA	EA, SA	0.55	0.79	0.59	0.91	0.87	1.34 (1.27–1.41)	2×10^−29
53	rs10811661 (T) [98]	CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1	9p21.3	EUR		0.85	0.80	0.56	0.91	0.98	1.20 (1.14–1.25)	8×10^−15
54	rs7018475 (G) [173]*	CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1	9p21.3	EUR		NR	0.27	0.37	0.38	0.22	1.35 (1.18–1.56)	3×10^−8
55	rs17584499 (T) [117]	PTPRD	9p24.1	EA		0.06	0.23	0.11	0.25	0.03	1.57 (1.36–1.82)	9×10^−10
56	rs10814916 (C) [146]	GLIS3	9p24.2	EA		0.44	0.57	0.45	0.62	0.67	1.11 (1.08–1.15)	6×10^−12
57	rs7041847 (A) [127]	GLIS3	9p24.2	EA		0.41	0.55	0.46	0.65	0.96	1.10 (1.07–1.13)	2×10^−14
58	rs7034200 (A) [155]	GLIS3	9p24.2	EUR		0.49	0.54	0.30	—	0.60	NR	1×10^−12
59	rs13292136 (C) [116]	KRT18P24-CHCHD2P9	9q21.31	EUR	EUR	NR	0.93	0.91	—	0.90	1.11 (1.07–1.15)	3×10^−8
60	rs2796441 (G) [131]	TLE1-FAM75D5	9q21.32	EUR		0.57	0.61	0.40	0.55	0.90	1.07 (1.05–1.10)	5.4×10^−9
61	rs10906115 (A) [120]	CDC123-MIR4480	10p13	EA		0.57	0.64	0.64	0.58	0.76	1.13 (1.08–1.18)	1×10^−8
62	rs11257655 (T) [146]	CDC123-MIR4480	10p13	EA		0.56	0.26	0.58	0.23	0.27	1.15 (1.10–1.20)	7×10^−9
63	rs12779790 (G) [109]	CDC123-MIR4480	10p13	EUR		0.18	0.22	0.13	—	0.05	1.11 (1.07–1.14)	1×10^−10
64	rs1802295 (A) [92]	VPS26A	10q22.1	SA		0.26	0.35	0.11	0.29	0	1.08 (1.05–1.12)	4×10^−8
65	rs12571751 (A) [131]	ZMIZ1	10q22.3	EUR		0.52	0.53	0.55	0.50	0.50	1.08 (1.05–1.10)	1×10^−10
66	rs1111875 (C) [98]	HHEX-EXOC6	10q23.33	EUR	EA	0.52	0.58	0.34	0.41	0.88	1.13 (1.09–1.17)	6×10^−10
67	rs5015480 (C) [171]	HHEX-EXOC6	10q23.33	EUR	EA	0.57	0.58	0.21	0.44	0.64	1.18 (1.11–1.23)	2×10^−9
68	rs10885122 (G) [155]	ADRA2A-BTBD7P2	10q25.2	EUR		0.87	0.90	0.92	—	0.21	NR	3×10^−16
69	rs4506565 (T) [104]	TCF7L2	10q25.2	EUR		0.32	0.30	0.03	0.30	0.46	1.36 (1.20–1.54)	5×10^−12
70	rs7901695 (C) [74]	TCF7L2	10q25.2	EUR		NR	0.28	0.03	0.29	0.46	1.37 (1.31–1.43)	1×10^−48
71	rs7903146 (T) [116]	TCF7L2	10q25.2	EUR	EA, SA, AA	NR	0.28	0.03	0.28	0.27	1.40 (1.34–1.46)	2×10^−51
72	rs10886471 (C) [146]	GRK5	10q26.11	EA		0.78	0.48	0.80	0.65	0.90	1.12 (1.08–1.16)	7×10^−9
73	rs11605924 (A) [155]	CRY2	11p11.2	EUR		0.49	0.13	0.70	0.12	0.94	NR	1×10^−14
74	rs7944584 (A) [155]	MADD	11p11.2	EUR		0.75	0.71	0.96	0.78	1.00	NR	2×10^−18
75	rs5215 (C) [74]	KCNJ11	11p15.1	EUR		NR	0.40	0.38	0.4	0.01	1.14 (1.10–1.19)	5×10^−11
76	rs5219 (T) [98]	KCNJ11	11p15.1	EUR		0.46	—	—	—	—	1.14 (1.10–1.19)	7×10^−11
77	rs163182 (C) [145]	KCNQ1	11p15.4	EA		0.34	0.25	0.37	—	0.25	1.28 (NR)	2×10^−17
78	rs2237895 (C) [117]	KCNQ1	11p15.4	EA		0.33	—	—	—	—	1.29 (1.19–1.40)	1×10^−9
79	rs2237892 (C) [113]	KCNQ1	11p15.4	EA	HIS, EA	0.61	0.92	0.67	0.99	0.90	1.40 (1.34–1.47)	2×10^−42
80	rs2237897 (C) [114]	KCNQ1	11p15.4	EA		0.34	0.95	—	—	—	1.33 (1.24–1.41)	1×10^−16
81	rs231362 (G) [116]	KCNQ1; KCNQ1OT1	11p15.5	EUR		NR	0.52	0.84	—	0.86	1.08 (1.06–1.10)	3×10^−13
82	rs174550 (T) [155]	FADS1	11q12.2	EUR		0.64	0.65	0.66	—	0.98	NR	2×10^−15
83	rs1552224 (A) [116]	ARAP1	11q13.4	EUR		NR	0.87	0.91	0.76	1.00	1.14 (1.11–1.17)	1×10^−22
84	rs1387153 (T) [116]	FAT3-MTNR1B	11q14.3	EUR	EUR	NR	0.27	0.39	0.38	0.40	1.09 (1.06–1.11)	8×10^−15
85	rs10830963 (G) [155]	MTNR1B	11q14.3	EUR		0.30	0.30	0.39	—	0.04	NR	6×10^−175
86	rs10842994 (C) [131]	KLHDC5	12p11.22	EUR		0.80	0.80	0.79	0.90	1.00	1.10 (1.06–1.13)	6.1×10^−10
87	rs1531343 (C) [116]	RPSAP52	12q14.3	EUR		NR	0.12	0.08	0.19	0.40	1.10 (1.07–1.14)	4×10^−9
88	rs7961581 (C) [109]	TSPAN8-LGR5	12q21.1	EUR		0.27	0.25	0.17	0.35	0.18	1.09 (1.06–1.12)	1×10^−9
89	rs35767 (G) [155]	IGF1	12q23.2	EUR		0.85	0.88	0.65	0.71	0.55	NR	3×10^−8
90	rs7957197 (T) [116]	OASL	12q24.31	EUR		NR	0.85	1.00	—	0.86	1.07 (1.05–1.10)	2×10^−8
91	rs7305618 (C) [149]	RPL12P33-HNF1A-AS1	12q24.31	HIS		NR	0.80	0.44	0.75	0.56	1.14 (1.09–1.20)	2×10^−8
92	rs9552911 (G) [152]	SGCG	13q12.12	PS	PS	0.93	1.00	0.78	0.86	1.00	1.49 (1.30–1.72)	2×10^−8
93	rs1359790 (G) [120]	NDFIP2-SPRY2	13q31.1	EA		0.71	0.73	0.69	0.84	0.92	1.15 (1.10–1.20)	6×10^−9
94	rs7403531 (T) [146]	RASGRP1	15q14	EA		0.35	0.28	0.33	0.20	0.18	1.10 (1.06–1.13)	4×10^−9
95	rs7172432 (A) [119]	C2CD4A-C2CD4B	15q22.2	EA		0.58	0.58	0.54	0.61	0.27	1.11 (1.08–1.14)	9×10^−14
96	rs11071657 (A) [155]	C2CD4A-C2CD4B	15q22.2	EUR		0.63	0.58	0.69	—	0.94	NR	4×10^−8
97	rs7178572 (G) [92]	HMG20A	15q24.3	SA	EUR	0.52	0.68	0.40	0.44	0.40	1.09 (1.06–1.12)	7×10^−11
98	rs7177055 (A) [131]	HMG20A-LINGO1	15q24.3	EUR		0.68	0.71	0.39	0.45	0.24	1.08 (1.05–1.10)	4.6×10^−9
99	rs11634397 (G) [116]	ZFAND6-FAH	15q25.1	EUR	EUR	NR	0.64	0.08	0.55	0.41	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	2×10^−9
100	rs2028299 (C) [92]	AP3S2; C15orf38-AP3S2	15q26.1	SA		0.31	0.73	0.12	0.78	0.40	1.10 (1.07–1.13)	2×10^−11
101	rs8042680 (A) [116]	PRC1; LOC100507118	15q26.1	EUR		NR	0.26	1.00	0.59	0.98	1.07 (1.05–1.09)	2×10^−10
102	rs11642841 (A) [116]	FTO	16q12.2	EUR	EUR	NR	0.47	0.06	—	0.04	1.13 (1.08–1.18)	3×10^−8
103	rs8050136 (A) [98]	FTO	16q12.2	EUR	SA	0.38	0.46	0.14	0.25	0.45	1.17 (1.12–1.22)	1×10^−12
104	rs9939609 (A) [171]	FTO	16q12.2	EUR		0.40	0.46	0.15	0.26	0.50	1.25 (1.19–1.30)	1×10^−20
105	rs7202877 (T) [131]	CTRB2-CTRB1	16q23.1	EUR		0.89	0.89	0.80	0.95	0.85	1.12 (1.07–1.16)	3.5×10^−8
106	rs391300 (G) [117]	SRR	17p13.3	EA		0.62	0.63	0.75	0.48	0.42	1.28 (1.18–1.39)	3×10^−9
107	rs4430796 (G) [146]	HNF1B	17q12	EUR	EA	0.28	0.51	0.25	0.31	0.66	1.19 (1.13–1.25)	2×10^−11
108	rs8090011 (G) [171]	LAMA1	18p11.31	EUR		0.38	0.32	0.72	—	0.79	1.13 (1.09–1.18)	8×10^−9
109	rs12970134 (A) [131]	MC4R	18q21.32	EUR		0.27	0.28	0.18	0.29	0.17	1.08 (1.05–1.11)	1.2×10^−8
110	rs3786897 (A) [127]	PEPD	19q13.11	EA		0.56	0.61	0.58	0.81	0.40	1.10 (1.07–1.14)	1×10^−8
111	rs6017317 (G) [127]	FITM2-R3HDML	20q13.12	EA		0.48	0.18	0.41	—	0.59	1.09 (1.07–1.12)	1×10^−11
112	rs4812829 (A) [92]	HNF4A	20q13.12	SA		0.29	0.16	0.45	0.29	0.08	1.09 (1.06–1.12)	3×10^−10
113	rs12010175 (G) [146]	FAM58A	Xq28	EA		0.79	0.94	0.84	0.81	0.79	1.21 (1.14–1.28)	2×10^−9
114	rs5945326 (A) [116]	KRT18P48-DUSP9	Xq28	EUR	EA	NR	0.78	0.66	—	0.84	1.27 (1.18–1.37)	3×10^−10

∗Risk Allele and RAF not reported, but chosen based on minor allele frequency (MAF) in the population mentioned in the original publication.