The Alliance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Bone, and Diabetes

Figure 1

Diabetes-bone interaction. Several factors associated with diabetes may impair bone health. These factors may create, either directly or indirectly, a milieu that disrupts osteoblast differentiation and function, describing a low bone turnover phenotype. AGE: advanced glycation end-products; PKC: protein kinase C; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; GIP: gastric inhibitor peptide; IGF-R: insulin-like growth factor receptor; SNS: sympathetic nervous system.