Circulating Fractalkine Levels Predict the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of participants according to the presence or absence of the MetS (𝑛=887).

Variables	Total	Metabolic syndrome absent	Metabolic syndrome	𝑃 for trend
𝑛 (case/control)	887	761	126
Fractalkine (ng/mL)	0.41 (0.25–0.64)	0.40 (0.23–0.59)	0.65 (0.48–0.74)	<0.001
Age (years)	56.90±7.28	56.72±7.34	57.96±6.81	0.077
Male, 𝑛 (%)	350 (39.5)	271 (35.6)	79 (62.7)	<0.001
Education level, 𝑛 (%)				0.668
Less than high school	80 (9.0)	68 (8.9)	12 (9.5)
High school	674 (76.0)	582 (76.5)	92 (73.0)
More than high school	133 (15.0)	111 (14.6)	22 (17.5)
Current smoker, 𝑛 (%)	218 (24.6)	162 (21.3)	56 (44.4)	<0.001
Alcohol drinker, 𝑛 (%)	187 (21.1)	146 (19.2)	41 (32.5)	0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.46±2.93	23.02±2.68	26.13±2.96	<0.001
WC (cm)	78.44±9.06	76.76±8.18	88.62±7.34	<0.001
WHR	0.87±0.07	0.86±0.07	0.94±0.06	<0.001
Fat% (%)	29.14±7.05	28.57±6.77	32.55±7.75	<0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	124.04±16.57	122.15±16.02	135.41±15.32	<0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	81.02±9.92	79.90±9.60	87.71±9.20	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	4.83 (4.50–5.22)	4.78 (4.44–5.17)	5.17 (4.78–6.11)	<0.001
2 h PG (mmol/L)	5.33 (4.50–6.50)	4.72 (4.11–5.61)	7.33 (5.22–9.44)	<0.001
FINS (𝜇U/mL)	10.64 (8.19–13.86)	10.09 (8.02–12.92)	14.95 (11.40–18.66)	<0.001
2 h INS (𝜇U/mL)	56.45 (37.17–86.06)	53.08 (35.61–80.24)	86.44 (52.88–155.52)	<0.001
HOMA-IR	2.27 (1.72–3.09)	2.11 (1.65–2.83)	3.60 (2.62–5.12)	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.64±0.60	5.59±0.54	5.98±0.83	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	5.57 (4.90–6.24)	5.54 (4.87–6.22)	5.75 (5.21–6.42)	0.017
LDL-c (mmol/L)	2.42±0.59	2.42±0.58	2.44±0.65	0.664
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.46±0.37	1.52±0.36	1.12±0.24	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.29 (0.95–1.82)	1.22 (0.89–1.59)	2.38 (1.84–3.39)	<0.001
CRP (mg/dL)	0.63 (0.28–1.59)	0.60 (0.27–1.41)	1.77 (0.79–4.38)	0.003
SFA (cm^2)	154.6 (118.90–203.90)	152.90 (115.65–201.50)	176.40 (137.58–211.83)	<0.001
VFA (cm^2)	69.41 (45.90–110.50)	63.39 (41.77–97.76)	127.35 (102.40–163.18)	<0.001
Central obesity (%)	122 (13.8)	53 (7.0)	69 (55.2)	<0.001
Elevated BP (%)	467 (52.6)	353 (46.4)	114 (90.5)	<0.001
Hyperglycemia (%)	134 (15.1)	71 (9.3)	63 (50.0)	<0.001
Hypertriglyceridemia (%)	266 (30.0)	152 (20.0)	114 (90.5)	<0.001
Low HDL-c (%)	83 (9.4)	25 (3.3)	58 (46.0)	<0.001

Variables with normal distributions are presented as mean ± SD; skewed variables are presented as the median value (interquartile range) [M (IQR)]. The chi-squared test was used for categorical values and 𝑡-test for continuous. 𝑃 for trend depicts the significance in the difference of the mean values between participants with and without metabolic syndrome. MetS: metabolic syndrome; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; Fat%: body fat percentage; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting serum glucose; 2 h PG: 2-hour postprandial glucose; FINS: fasting insulin; 2 h INS: 2-hour insulin; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA₁c: glycosylated hemoglobin A₁c; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; CRP: C-reactive protein; SFA: subcutaneous adipose tissue area; and VFA: visceral adipose tissue area.