Distribution of Abdominal Obesity and Fitness Level in Overweight and Obese Korean Adults

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of the study participants according to fitness level (recovery heart rate).

	Unfit (RHR ≥ 93); (𝑛=114)	Fit (RHR < 93); (𝑛=114)	𝑃 value^a
Age (years)	32.46±9.40	34.43±9.97	0.118
Male, 𝑛 (%)	54 (44.6)	46 (40.4)	0.507
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.09±4.70	28.25±3.63	0.001
Waist (cm)	99.08±12.54	94.61±9.17	0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.91±0.055	0.90±0.052	0.106
Mean BP (mmHg)	98.04±12.92	92.58±11.93	0.001
Alcohol, 𝑛 (%)	35 (29.2)	34 (29.9)	0.787
Smoking, 𝑛 (%)	23 (25.2)	26 (23.3)	0.638
Physical activity (MET-h/week)	29.61±24.46	29.82±24.55	0.949
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	100.82±85.89	88.76±9.58	0.130
Fasting insulin  (μU/mL)	15.95±18.75	9.78±7.51	0.001
HOMA-IR	3.68±4.68	2.18±1.76	0.001
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	198.95±37.97	195.60±35.23	0.483
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	142.39±135.98	105.72±50.78	0.006
LDL (mg/dL)	122.68±35.29	121.96±34.04	0.979
HDL (mg/dL)	49.53±11.37	51.50±11.31	0.135
hsCRP (mg/L)	2.15±2.42	1.73±5.27	0.442
VAT area (cm^2)	142.35±89.47	110.75±62.29	<0.001
SAT area (cm^2)	317.51±118.44	276.20±99.17	0.004
VAT/SAT ratio	0.47±0.25	0.39±0.18	0.011
Recovery heart rate	105.96±12.02	81.26±7.18	0.001

RHR: recovery heart rate; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; MET-h/week: metabolic equivalents-hour per week; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: highly sensitive C-reactive protein; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT/SAT ratio: visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio.
Values are expressed as means ± SD for continuous variables or % for categorical variables.
^a𝑃 values are calculated by an independent sample 𝑡-test for continuous variables or the Chi-square test for categorical variables.