Research Article
Sexual Dimorphisms of Adrenal Steroids, Sex Hormones, and Immunological Biomarkers and Possible Risk Factors for Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis
Table 1
Reported values of inflammatory biomarkers assayed by reference laboratories.
| | Inflammatory mediators and statistical values | Controls | Pre-RA cases | All subjects | | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males |
| | Mean ages ± SEs () | 43.9 ± 1.0 (144) | 41.8 ± 1.1 (72) | 43.8 ± 2.0 (36) | 41.6 ± 2.1 (18) | 43.9 ± 0.9 (180) | 41.8 ± 0.9 (90) | | C-reactive protein (CRP) | | | | | | | | Mean (mg/L) ± SE () | 2.8 ± 0.42 (111) | 2.6 ± 0.36 (68) | 5.2 ± 1.92 (29) | 7.3 ± 2.9 (17) | 3.7 ± 1.0 (140) | 3.5 ± 0.7 (85) | | Median; IQR | 1.8; 1.1–2.7 | 1.9; 0.8–2.9 | 1.7; 0.9–3.4 | 2.6; 0.7–7.9 | 1.0; 1.0–2.0 | 1.9; 0.8–3.4 | | Acute serum amyloid A (ASAA) | | | | | | | | Mean (mg/L) ± SE () | 19.9 ± 8.0 (56) | 3.9 ± 0.7 (68) | 8.4 ± 1.5 (17) | 4.4 ± 1.3 (17) | 17.2 ± 6.2 (73) | 4.0 ± 0.6 (85) | | Median; IQR | 6.7; 4.0–12.2 | 2.5; 1.6–3.8 | 7.5; 3.4–11.6 | 3.5; 1.6–4.9 | 6.9; 3.7–11.6 | 2.5; 1.6–3.9 | | Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | | | | | | | | Mean (pg/mL) ± SE () | 2.6 ± 0.3 (82) | Not measured | 3.5 ± 1.1 (25) | Not measured | 2.8 ± 0.3 (107) | Not measured | | Median; IQR | 2.0; 1.3–3.1 | 1.6; 1.0–3.7 | 1.9, 1.3–3.2 | | Interleukin-Iβ (IL-1β) | | | | | | | | Mean (pg/mL) ± SE () | 0.9 ± 0.2 (82) | 0.7 ± 0.3 (64) | 0.6 ± 0.1 (25) | 0.8 ± 0.5; (16) | 0.7 ± 0.2 (107) | 0.7 ± 0.2 (80) | | Median; IQR | 0.5; 0.1–1.0 | 0.0; 0.0–1.0 | 0.5; 0.2–0.7 | 0.5; 0.0–1.0 | 0.3; 0.0–0.7 | 0.0; 0.0–1.0 | | Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist | | | | | | | | Mean (pg/mL) ± SE () | 659 ± 50 (76) | 680 ± 102 (52) | 553 ± 53 (25) | 853 ± 180 (11) | 610 ± 40 (101) | 710 ± 90 (63) | | Median; IQR | 516; 373–831 | 427; 242–917 | 571; 331–742 | 723; 441–828 | 503; 339–751 | 502; 258–902 | | Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) | | | | | | | | Mean (pg/mL) ± SE () | 2.9 ± 0.3 (82) | 2.2 ± 0.3 (60) | 3.9 ± 0.8 (25) | 2.1 ± 0.2 (15) | 2.3 ± 0.3 (107) | 2.2 ± 0.2 (75) | | Median; IQR | 2.2; 1.3–3.6 | 1.9; 1.2–2.5 | 2.2; 1.4–4.9 | 2.2; 1.4–2.9 | 1.4, 0.8–2.3 | 1.9, 1.3–2.5 | | Soluble interleukin-2Rα (sIL-2Rα) | | | | | | | | Mean (pg/mL) ± SE () | 1150 ± 49 (79) | 905 ± 64 (58) | 1222 ± 71 (24) | 793 ± 84 (14) | 1081 ± 42 (103) | 883 ± 54 (72) | | Median; IQR | 1076; 853–1313 | 825; 613–1022 | 1213; 993–1445 | 844; 596–966 | 1040; 779–1259 | 825; 601–993 | | Soluble tumor necrosis receptor I | | | | | | | | Mean (pg/mL) ± SE () | 1194 ± 46 (79) | 1715 ± 51 (60) | 1169 ± 61 (25) | 1708 ± 102 (15) | 1031 ± 42 (104) | 1713 ± 45 (75) | | Median; IQR | 1109; 926–1310 | 1618; 1483–1883 | 1174; 1015–1322 | 1873; 1444–1988 | 921, 727–1236 | 1627; 1469–1905 |
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(ASAA, F versus M in each group); (sIL-2Rα, F versus M in each group); and (sTNF-R1, F versus M in each group).
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