Combination Therapy with a Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Additively Suppresses Macrophage Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Mice
Table 1
Characteristics and laboratory data of diabetic db/db mice that received a normal diet containing the indicated treatments.
Control
Ipragliflozin
Alogliptin
Combination
Number
8
8
8
7
Final body weight (g)
49.6 ± 0.4
46.5 ± 1.0
48.5 ± 0.4
46.8 ± 0.7
Food intake (g/day)
4.5 ± 0.3
4.8 ± 0.4
4.2 ± 0.2
4.9 ± 0.3
Water intake (mL/day)
4.2 ± 0.2
9.6 ± 1.0a,c
4.4 ± 0.3
9.9 ± 0.9a,c
Urine volume (mL/day)
7.6 ± 0.3
12.7 ± 1.0a,c
8.1 ± 0.4
13.8 ± 0.9a,c
SBP (mmHg)
109 ± 2
104 ± 4
107 ± 3
105 ± 2
Pulse (/min)
587 ± 36
655 ± 42
570 ± 60
672 ± 29
Glucose (mg/dL)
424 ± 37
213 ± 32a
231 ± 23a
157 ± 13a,c
HbA1c (%)
8.1 ± 0.1
6.7 ± 0.2a
7.4 ± 0.3a,b
6.6 ± 0.1a,c
Insulin (ng/mL)
5.19 ± 0.42
5.32 ± 0.89
8.20 ± 0.96a,b
9.56 ± 1.02a,b
Total-C (mg/dL)
146 ± 12
167 ± 19
147 ± 13
181 ± 13
HDL-C (mg/dL)
62 ± 5
65 ± 7
64 ± 7
86 ± 14
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
72 ± 9
61 ± 7
69 ± 13
65 ± 13
Active GLP-1 (pmol/L)
2.6 ± 0.3
2.7 ± 0.3
10.3 ± 2.2a,b
7.4 ± 1.1a,b
Total GIP (pmol/L)
49 ± 10
56 ± 14
106 ± 19a,b
123 ± 29a,b
The values show mean ± SEM. Ipragliflozin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; alogliptin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; Total-C, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; GLP-1, glucagon like peptide-1; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. a versus control; b versus ipragliflozin; c versus alogliptin.
