Increased Chromosomal and Oxidative DNA Damage in Patients with Multinodular Goiter and Their Association with Cancer

Table 2

CBMN-cyt assay parameters and plasma 8-OHdG levels in patients with multinodular goiter and control subjects (mean ± SD).

Parameter	Patients with multinodular goiter	Control subjects	value (Mann–Whitney U test)
MN frequency (%)	1.90 ± 0.70	0.84 ± 0.50	0.001
NPB frequency (%)	0.55 ± 0.50	0.63 ± 0.29	0.108
NBUD frequency (%)	0.17 ± 0.11	0.20 ± 0.08	0.075
Frequency of apoptotic cells (%)	7.52 ± 6.38	1.17 ± 0.74	0.001
Frequency of necrotic cells (%)	7.20 ± 5.93	2.47 ± 0.79	0.001
Frequency of BN cells (%)	31.98 ± 15.44	27.90 ± 7.45	0.322
Nuclear division index (NDI)	1.27 ± 0.11	1.26 ± 0.08	0.746
Plasma 8-OHdG levels (ng/mL)	1.23 ± 0.81	0.67 ± 0.14	0.010

BN cells: binucleated cells; MN: micronucleus; NPBs: nucleoplasmic bridges; NBUDs: nuclear buds; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; and SD: standard deviation.
NDI = [1 + 2(2) + 3(3) + 4(4)]/, where 1–4 represent the total number of lymphocytes with one to four nuclei scored on 1000 viable cells (excluding necrotic and apoptotic cells; : the number of nuclei; : the total number of viable cells scored).