Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Determinants in Adults: A Sample from Community-Based Settings in the United Arab Emirates

Table 1

Characteristics of the sample and bivariate associations of vitamin D deficiency with covariates ().

Variable	Total; N (%)	% with vitamin D deficiency	value	Odds ratio (OR)	Lower limit	Upper limit
Gender
Female	136 (62.96)	69.85	0.15	0.625	0.327	1.196
Male	80 (37.04)	78.75
Nationality
Emirati	147 (68.06)	80.27	0.0006	2.950	1.575	5.524
Non-Emirati	69 (31.94)	57.97
Marital status
Married	157 (72.69)	71.97	0.019	1.976	0.807	4.835
Single	23 (10.65)	56.52		1
Widow/divorced	36 (16.67)	88.89		6.152	1.633	23.182
Age group (years)
23–39	68 (31.48)	57.35	<0.0001	1
40–55	102 (47.22)	73.53		2.066	1.077	3.963
56+	46 (21.30)	95.65		6.350	3.663	72.983
Educational level
Secondary or less	137 (63.43)	85.40	<0.0001	5.422	2.837	10.364
University	79 (36.57)	51.90		1
Employment
Yes	95 (43.98)	55.79	<0.0001	1
No	121 (56.02)	86.78		5.200	2.678	10.099
Depression levels
Depression ()	134 (62.04)	92.54	<0.0001	17.51	8.03	38.18
No depression ()	82 (37.96)	41.46
Obesity (body mass index)
24.99 or less	44 (20.37)	56.82	0.0001	1
25–29.99	78 (36.11)	65.38		1.436	0.673	0.061
30+	94 (43.52)	87.23		5.193	2.219	12.152
Diabetes type 2
No diabetes,	84 (38.89)	42.86	<0.0001	1
Diabetes,	132 (61.11)	92.42		16.267	7.486	35.348

Cut-off value for vitamin D deficiency is serum (25(OH) D) of ≤31 nmol/L. value significant at ≤0.05.