Gender, Estrogen, and Obliterative Lesions in the Lung

Table 2

Models of PAH that support female sex bias and/or detrimental effect of estrogen.

Model	Species	Findings	References
Chronic Hx + E2	Rat	Female develops hypoxic pulmonary hypertension; E2 detrimental	[89, 90]
SuHx	Rat, mouse	Male and female develop PAH; aromatase inhibition protective	[32, 92, 93]
Dexfenfluramine	Mouse	Female only develops PAH; Ovx protective	[95]
4,4′-Methylenedianiline	Rat	Female only develops PAH	[62]
Mts1+	Mouse	PAH in female > male; Ovx protective	[96]
SERT+	Mouse	Female only develops PAH Ovx protective; E2 detrimental	[97]

Hx: Hypoxia; E2: 17β-Estradiol; SuHx: Sugen 5416 plus hypoxia; Mts1+: Overexpression of calcium-binding protein S100A4/Mts1; SERT+: Overexpression of serotonin transporter; Ovx: Ovariectomized.