International Journal of Endocrinology

Review Article

Disruptive Effect of Organotin on Thyroid Gland Function Might Contribute to Hypothyroidism

Table 1

TBT effects in the HPT axis and body weight in different species.
SpeciesOrganotin dose/typeTime exposureHypothalamusPituitaryThyroidReference
Structural modificationTRHStructural modificationTSHStructural modificationT3T4ColloidFollicles
Male albino ratsng TBT/kg30 daysnrnrnr↑Yes↓↓↓↓[4]
Male Wistar ratsng TBT/kg15 daysnrnrnrnrYes↔↑↔↔[40]
Male Wistar rats103 ng TBT/kg15 daysnrnrnrnrYes↔↑↓↓[40]
Male Wistar rats ng TBTO/kg2 yearsYesnrYes↔Yesnr↓nr↓[39]
Female Wistar rats ng TBTO/kg2 yearsYesnrYes↔Yesnr↓nr↓[39]
Female Wistar rats ng TBT/kg40 daysnr↓nr↑Yes↔↔↔↔[32]
Female Wistar rats103 ng TBT/kg40 daysnr↓nr↔Yes↔↓↓↓[32]
Male Swiss albino mice ng TBTCl/kg45 daysnrnrnr↑No↔↔↔nr[21]
Male Swiss albino mice ng TBTCl/kg45 daysnrnrnr↑Yes↓↓↓nr[21]
Male Swiss albino mice ng TBTCl/kg45 daysnrnrnr↑Yes↓↓↓nr[21]
Female Sprague-Dawley rats ng TBTCl/kg20 daysnrnrnrnrnr↔↔nrnr[38]
Female Sprague-Dawley rats ng TBTCl/kg20 daysnrnrnrnrnr↔↔nrnr[38]
Female Sprague-Dawley rats107 ng TBTCl/kg20 daysnrnrnrnrnr↓↓nrnr[38]
Female Sprague-Dawley rats ng TBTCl/kg20 daysnrnrnrnrnr↓↓nrnr[38]
Xenopus tropicalis12.5 ng TBTCl/L7 daysnrnrnrnrYesnrnr↔↔[42]
Xenopus tropicalis12.5 ng TBTCl/L19 daysnrnrnrnrYesnrnr↔↔[42]
Xenopus tropicalis50 ng TBTCl/L7 daysnrnrnrnrYesnrnr↔↔[42]
Xenopus tropicalis50 ng TBTCl/L19 daysnrnrnrnrYesnrnr↔↔[42]
Xenopus tropicalis ng TBTCl/L7 daysnrnrnrnrYesnrnr↔↔[42]
Xenopus tropicalis ng TBTCl/L19 daysnrnrnrnrYesnrnr↓↑[42]
Carassius auratus (goldfish)2.44 ng TBT/L54 daysnrnrnrnrnr↑↑nrnr[12]
Carassius auratus (goldfish)24.4 ng TBT/L54 daysnrnrnrnrnr↓↔nrnr[12]
Male S. marmoratus1 ng TBT/L50 daysnrnrnrnrNo↓↔↔↔[41]
Male S. marmoratus10 ng TBT/L50 daysnrnrnrnrYes↓↓↓↓[41]
Male S. marmoratus102 ng TBT/L50 daysnrnrnrnrYes↓↓↓↓[41]
HPT: hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid; nr: not reported; ↔: unchanged; ↑: increased; ↓: decreased; TBT: tributyltin; TBTO: bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide; TBTCl: tributyltin chloride; TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; T3: triiodothyronine; T4: thyroxine.