Adrenal disorders, even if rarer than other endocrine pathologies, frequently become a challenge in the clinical practice for endocrinologists, both for diagnosis and for clinical decision making.

Cushing’s syndrome is one of the most complex endocrine disorder to diagnose, in consideration of its wide variability of presentation. In addition to hyperaldosteronism and pheochromocytoma, hypercortisolism represents an important cause of secondary hypertension, especially at a young age. Moreover, the difficulty in the management is often complicated by unusual or particular presentations (e.g., in pregnancy) or in combination with other disorders.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a group of inherited enzymatic defects of adrenal steroid biosynthesis, can significantly impact sexual development as well as fertility and pregnancy and requires careful decision making in each patient.

Hypoadrenalism is a rare condition which has an important impact on patient well-being. Beyond the well-known etiologies of primary and secondary hypoadrenalism, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors widely employed in several tumors has introduced a new etiology of hypoadrenalism, related to adrenalitis or hypophysitis induced by these therapies. Furthermore, hypoadrenalism represents the most articulate example of how difficult it is to obtain an ideal replacement therapy with synthetic glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. In recent years, research has focused on formulations that guarantee a more physiological replacement of glucocorticoid deficiency.

Moreover, important topics of research in adrenal pathologies are focused on better defining the genetic background of some diseases, such as CAH, hyperaldosteronism, and pheochromocytoma. This is important not only to understand the underlying physiopathological mechanisms but also to guarantee a more complete clinical management in patients carrying specific mutations.

The aim of this special issue is to provide new insights into diagnosis and treatment of adrenal disorders. In particular, original research papers and review articles about new diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approach regarding adrenal disorders are welcome. Furthermore, peculiar clinical studies, including novel mutations, will represent an important component of this special issue and are particularly encouraged.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Novel insights into the diagnosis and medical treatment of Cushing’s syndrome
• Hypoadrenalism related to immune checkpoint inhibitors
• Novel insight into the therapeutic management of hypoadrenalism
• Particular clinical presentations of adrenal disorders
• Genetics of CAH
• Decision making in the management of CAH
• Extra-adrenal activities of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system