Repeatability and Heritability of Behavioural Types in a Social Cichlid

Table 4

Heritabilities ℎ² of offspring behavioural type using the variance components approach (GLMM REML).

Random effect(s)	n pairs or parent, n offspring	Variance pair or parent	Variance brood	Variance error	Asymptotic covariance matrix^a			ℎ^2 ± SE
					Within pair or parent	Within error	Between pair or parent versus error
Pair	74, 1327	0.117***		0.653***	0.000787	0.000677	−0.000046	0.1524±0.0316
Mother	49, 1318	0.121***		0.665***	0.001043	0.000697	−0.000035	0.3082±0.0347
Father	50, 1281	0.097***		0.664***	0.000724	0.000716	−0.000036	0.2560±0.0308
Pair + Brood within pair^a	74, 1327	0.091**	0.069**	0.614***	0.000935	0.000641	−0.000002	0.1182±0.0380
Mother + Brood within mother^a	49, 1318	0.096**	0.074***	0.616***	0.001099	0.000649	−0.000007	0.2453±0.0405
Father + Brood within father^a	50, 1281	0.076*	0.085***	0.605***	0.000871	0.000647	−0.0000002	0.1980±0.0387

^aFor brevity, covariances involving the random brood effects are not given (𝑛=162 broods for 74 pairs, 𝑛=160 broods for 49 mothers, 𝑛=156 broods for 50 fathers).
^∗𝑃<.05,^∗∗𝑃<.01,^∗∗∗𝑃<.001.
Heritability estimates are twice the intraclass correlations for mother and father effects, standard errors calculated according to [70].