Modularity of the Oral Jaws Is Linked to Repeated Changes in the Craniofacial Shape of African Cichlids

Table 1

A priori hypotheses of modularity in the cichlid head. Brackets denote putative modules. Note that two similar models are presented for jaw function.

Model	Description
[1,2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11] [7,8,12,13,14,15,16]	Preorbital/postorbital—major evolutionary trends in cichlids suggest that the preorbital region can independently change shape during adaptive radiations in African cichlids [28]
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]	Full integration—the entire head operates as a completely integrated unit, and this hypothesis also compliments the existing null hypothesis of no integration
[1,3,4,11,15] [2,5,6,16] [13,14,15] [7,8,9,10,12,13] [1,3,4,5,11,15] [2,5,6,16] [13,14,15] [7,8,9,10,12,13]	Jaw function—modules are parsed on the basis of functional uses and the attachment of muscle and ligament—[29–32] [29, 34]
[13,14,7] [8,9,10] [1,2,3,4,5,6,11,12,15,16]	Respiration/vision/biting—modules are parsed based on their primary functional roles