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Table 1: Estimated mean year-to-year properties for bird assemblages in HHPD and LHPD areas over a 25-year period throughout the United States. All assemblage properties were first compared to the null expectation of no change, and then each individual assemblage property was compared between HHPD and LHPD areas. Rate of species increase is defined as a ratio between species richness in year 1 and species richness in year 2, thus if there is no change in assemblage structure (the null expectation), this value equals 1.

Property No change Mean CI lower CI upper Urban Local extinction probability 0 0.066 0.045 0.088 Turnover 0 0.070 0.052 0.088 Rate of species increase 1 1.014 1.008 1.020 Number of colonizing species 0 8.332 6.855 9.809 Rural Local extinction probability 0 0.075 0.044 0.106 Turnover 0 0.080 0.040 0.119 Rate of species increase 1 1.017 1.003 1.032 Number of colonizing species 0 7.878 6.972 8.783