Journal Menu
- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
International Journal of Ecology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 208913, 13 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/208913
Research Article
Hydrodynamic and Sensory Factors Governing Response of Copepods to Simulated Predation by Balaenid Whales
Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943-0162, USA
Received 29 July 2011; Accepted 3 February 2012
Academic Editor: Bruce Leopold
Copyright © 2012 Alexander J. Werth. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- A. J. Werth, “Feeding in marine mammals,” in Feeding: Form, Function, and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates, K. Schwenk, Ed., pp. 487–526, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA, 2000.
- A. J. Werth, “How do mysticetes remove prey trapped in baleen?” Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 156, pp. 189–203, 2001.
- M. F. Baumgartner, C. A. Mayo, and R. D. Kenney, “Enormous carnivores, microscopic food, and a restaurant that’s hard to find,” in Urban Whale: North Atlantic Right Whales at the Crossroads, S. D. Kraus and R. M. Rolland, Eds., pp. 138–171, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, USA, 2007.
- A. Pivorunas, “The feeding mechanisms of baleen whales,” American Scientist, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 432–440, 1979.
- A. J. Werth, “Models of hydrodynamic flow in the bowhead whale filter feeding apparatus,” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 207, no. 20, pp. 3569–3580, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. F. Lowry, “Foods and feeding ecology,” in The Bowhead Whale, J. J. Burns, J. J. Montague, and C. J. Cowles, Eds., pp. 201–238, Society for Marine Mammalogy, Lawrence, Kan, USA, 1993.
- R. C. Beardsley, A. W. Epstein, C. Chen, K. F. Wishner, M. C. Macaulay, and R. D. Kenney, “Spatial variability in zooplankton abundance near feeding right whales in the Great South Channel,” Deep-Sea Research II, vol. 43, no. 7-8, pp. 1601–1625, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. F. Baumgartner and B. R. Mate, “Summertime foraging ecology of North Atlantic right whales,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 264, pp. 123–135, 2003. View at Scopus
- G. C. Laurence, “Caloric values of some North Atlantic calanoid copepods,” Fishery Bulletin, vol. 74, pp. 218–220, 1976.
- R. D. Kenney, “Right whales and climate change: facing the prospect of a greenhouse future,” in The Urban Whale: North Atlantic Right Whales at the Crossroads, S. D. Kraus and R. M. Rolland, Eds., pp. 436–459, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, USA, 2007.
- C. H. Greene, A. J. Pershing, T. M. Cronin, and N. Ceci, “Arctic climate change and its impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic,” Ecology, vol. 89, supplement 11, pp. S24–S38, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. R. Haury, D. E. Kenyon, and J. R. Brooks, “Experimental evaluation of the avoidance reaction of Calanus finmarchicus,” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 187–202, 1980. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. A. van Duren and J. J. Videler, “The trade-off between feeding, mate seeking and predator avoidance in copepods: behavioural responses to chemical cues,” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 805–818, 1996. View at Scopus
- L. A. van Duren and J. J. Videler, “Escape from viscosity: the kinematics and hydrodynamics of copepod foraging and escape swimming,” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 206, no. 2, pp. 269–279, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. A. Mayo, B. H. Letcher, and S. Scott, “Zooplankton filtering efficiency of the baleen of a North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis,” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management Special Issue, no. 2, pp. 225–229, 2001.
- W. M. Hamner, G. S. Stone, and B. S. Obst, “Behavior of Southern right whales, Eubalaena australis, feeding on the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba,” Fishery Bulletin, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 143–150, 1988. View at Scopus
- M. J. Morris, G. Gust, and J. J. Torres, “Propulsion efficiency and cost of transport for copepods: a hydromechanical model of crustacean swimming,” Marine Biology, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 283–295, 1985. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. J. Stamhuis and J. J. Videler, “Quantitative flow analysis around aquatic animals using laser sheet particle image velocimetry,” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 198, no. 2, pp. 283–294, 1995. View at Scopus
- L. A. van Duren, E. J. Stamhuis, and J. J. Videler, “Copepod feeding currents: flow patterns, filtration rates and energetics,” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 206, no. 2, pp. 255–267, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Jiang and T. Kiorboe, “Propulsion efficiency and imposed flow fields of a copepod jump,” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 214, no. 3, pp. 476–486, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- M. F. Baumgartner and F. W. Wenzel, “Springtime foraging ecology of North Atlantic right whales,” in Proceedings of the Ocean Sciences Meeting, American Geophysical Union and American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Orlando, Fla, USA, March, 2008.
- M. J. Simon, M. Johnson, P. Tyack, and P. T. Madsen, “Behaviour and kinematics of continuous ram filtration in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus),” Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 276, no. 1674, pp. 3819–3828, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. A. Goldbogen, N. D. Pyenson, and R. E. Shadwick, “Big gulps require high drag for fin whale lunge feeding,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 349, pp. 289–301, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. A. Goldbogen, J. Calambokidis, E. Oleson et al., “Mechanics, hydrodynamics and energetics of blue whale lunge feeding: efficiency dependence on krill density,” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 214, no. 1, pp. 131–146, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Vogel, Life in Moving Fluids: The Physical Biology of Flow 2e, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 1996.
- R. R. Reeves and S. Leatherwood, “Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus 1758,” in Handbook of Marine Mammals, S. H. Ridgway and R. Harrison, Eds., vol. 3 of The Sirenians and Baleen Whales, pp. 305–344, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA, 1985.
- G. M. Carroll, J. C. George, L. F. Lowry, and K. O. Coyle, “Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) feeding near Point Barrow, Alaska, during the 1985 spring migrations,” Arctic, vol. 40, pp. 105–110, 1987.
- D. P. Nowacek, M. Johnson, P. Tyack, K. A. Shorter, W. A. McLellan, and D. A. Pabst, “Buoyant balaenids: the ups and downs of buoyancy in right whales,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 268, no. 1478, pp. 1811–1816, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. H. Cohen and R. B. Forward, “Spectral sensitivity of vertically migrating marine copepods,” Biological Bulletin, vol. 203, no. 3, pp. 307–314, 2002. View at Scopus
- D. M. Fields and J. Yen, “The escape behavior of marine copepods in response to a quantifiable fluid mechanical disturbance,” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1289–1304, 1997. View at Scopus
- E. J. Buskey, P. H. Lenz, and D. K. Hartline, “Escape behavior of planktonic copepods in response to hydrodynamic disturbances: high speed video analysis,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 235, pp. 135–146, 2002. View at Scopus
- T. Kiorboe and E. Saiz, “Planktivorous feeding in calm and turbulent environments, with emphasis on copepods,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 122, no. 1–3, pp. 135–145, 1995. View at Scopus
- H. Yamazaki and K. D. Squires, “Comparison of oceanic turbulence and copepod swimming,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 144, no. 1–3, pp. 299–301, 1996. View at Scopus
- R. H. Lambertsen, K. J. Rasmussen, W. C. Lancaster, and R. J. Hintz, “Functional morphology of the mouth of the bowhead whale and its implications for conservation,” Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 342–352, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. F. Baumgartner, N. S. J. Lysiak, C. Schuman, J. Urban-Rich, and F. W. Wenzel, “Diel vertical migration behavior of Calanus finmarchicus and its influence on right and sei whale occurrence,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 423, pp. 167–184, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. T. Enright, “Copepods in a hurry: sustained high-speed upward migration,” Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 118–125, 1977.
- M. F. Baumgartner, T. V. N. Cole, R. G. Campbell, G. J. Teegarden, and E. G. Durbin, “Associations between North Atlantic right whales and their prey, Calanus finmarchicus, over diel and tidal time scales,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 264, pp. 155–166, 2003. View at Scopus
- D. K. Ralston, D. J. Mcgillicuddy, and D. W. Townsend, “Asynchronous vertical migration and bimodal distribution of motile phytoplankton,” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 803–821, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Haraguchi, T. Yamamoto, S. Chiba, Y. Shimizu, and M. Nagao, “Effects of phytoplankton vertical migration on the formation of oxygen depleted water in a shallow coastal sea,” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 441–449, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, “Prey-tell: why right whales linger in the Gulf of Maine,” Science Daily, 2012http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110426151042.htm.
- Q. Zhu, D. J. Hillmann, and W. G. Henk, “Morphology of the eye and surrounding structures of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 729–750, 2001. View at Scopus
- V. J. Rowntree, L. O. Valenzuela, P. F. Fraguas, and J. Seger, “Foraging behaviour of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) inferred from variation of carbon stable isotope rations in their baleen,” Report of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) SC/60.BRG23, 2008.
- W. C. Cummings, “Right whales—Eubalaena glacialis and Eubalaena australis,” in Handbook of Marine Mammals, S. H. Ridgway and R. Harrison, Eds., vol. 3 of The Sirenians and Baleen Whales, pp. 275–304, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA, 1985.
- L. T. Quakenbush, J. J. Citta, J. C. George, R. J. Small, and M. P. Heide-Jorgensen, “Fall and winter movements of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in the Chukchi Sea and within a potential petroleum development area,” Arctic, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 289–307, 2010. View at Scopus
- S. H. Lee, D. M. Schell, T. L. McDonald, and W. J. Richardson, “Regional and seasonal feeding by bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus as indicated by stable isotope ratios,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 285, pp. 271–287, 2005. View at Scopus
- K. F. Wishner, E. Durbin, A. Durbin, M. Macaulay, H. Winn, and R. Kenney, “Copepod patches and right whales in the Great South Channel off New England,” Bulletin of Marine Science, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 825–844, 1988. View at Scopus
- C. A. Mayo and M. K. Marx, “Surface foraging behaviour of the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, and associated zooplankton characteristics,” Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 2214–2220, 1990. View at Scopus
- L. D. Murison, Zooplankton distributions and feeding ecology of right whales (Eubalaena glacialis glacialis) in the outer Bay of Fundy, Canada, M.S. thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada, 1986.
- P. F. Brodie, D. D. Sameoto, and R. W. Sheldon, “Population densities of euphausiids off Nova Scotia as indicated by net samples, whale stomach contents, and sonar,” Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 23, pp. 1264–1267, 1978.
- P. H. Wiebe, C. J. Ashjian, S. M. Gallager, C. S. Davis, G. L. Lawson, and N. J. Copley, “Using a high-powered strobe light to increase the catch of Antarctic krill,” Marine Biology, vol. 144, no. 3, pp. 493–502, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. T. Hargrave and G. H. Geen, “Effects of copepod grazing on two natural phytoplankton populations,” Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1395–1403, 1970.
- A. W. Epstein and R. C. Beardsley, “Flow-induced aggregation of plankton at a front: a 2-D Eulerian model study,” Deep-Sea Research II, vol. 48, no. 1–3, pp. 395–418, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. D. Kenney, M. A. M. Hyman, R. E. Owen, G. P. Scott, and H. E. Winn, “Estimation of prey densities required by western North Atlantic right whales,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 1986. View at Scopus
- K. B. Catton, D. R. Webster, J. Brown, and J. Yen, “Quantitative analysis of tethered and free-swimming copepodid flow fields,” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 210, no. 2, pp. 299–310, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. J. Waggett and E. J. Buskey, “Calanoid copepod escape behavior in response to a visual predator,” Marine Biology, vol. 150, no. 4, pp. 599–607, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. A. Barkley, “The theoretical effectiveness of towed-net samplers as related to sampler size and to swimming speed of organisms,” Journal du Conseil Permanent International pour l’Exploration de la Mer, vol. 29, pp. 146–157, 1964.
- P. H. Wiebe, S. H. Boyd, B. M. Davis, and J. L. Cox, “Avoidance of towed nets by the euphausiid Nematoscelis megalops,” Fishery Bulletin, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 75–91, 1982. View at Scopus
- W. A. Watkins and W. E. Schevill, “Right whale feeding and baleen rattle,” Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 57, pp. 58–66, 1976.
- T. Nemoto, “Food of baleen whales with reference to whale movements,” Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute, vol. 14, pp. 149–291, 1959.
- A. Pivorunas, “A mathematical consideration on the function of baleen plates and their fringes,” Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute, vol. 28, pp. 37–55, 1976.
- A. J. Werth, “Flow-dependent porosity of baleen from the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus),” in Proceedings of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 2011, abstract.
- W. A. Watkins and W. E. Schevill, “Aerial observations of feeding behavior in four baleen whales: Eubalaena glacialis, Balaenoptera borealis, Megaptera novaeangliae, and Balaenoptera physalus,” Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 60, pp. 155–163, 1979.
- K. F. Wishner, J. R. Schoenherr, R. Beardsley, and C. Chen, “Abundance, distribution and population structure of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus in a springtime right whale feeding area in the South Western Gulf of Maine,” Continental Shelf Research, vol. 15, no. 4-5, pp. 475–507, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. D. Kenney, C. A. Mayo, and H. E. Winn, “Migration and foraging strategies at varying spatial scales in Western North Atlantic right whales: a review of hypotheses,” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management Special Issue, no. 2, pp. 251–260, 2001.
- M. J. Simon, The sounds of whales and their food: baleen whales, their foraging behavior, ecology and habitat use in an arctic habitat, Ph.D. thesis, Aarhus University, 2010.
- J. G. M. Thewissen, J. George, C. Rosa, and T. Kishida, “Olfaction and brain size in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus),” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 282–294, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Kishida and J. G. M. Thewissen, “Evolutionary changes of the importance of olfaction in cetaceans based on the olfactory marker protein gene,” Gene, vol. 492, no. 2, pp. 349–353, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. K. Ling, “Vibrissae of marine mammals,” in Functional Anatomy of Marine Mammals, R. J. Harrison, Ed., vol. 3, pp. 387–415, Academic Press, London, UK, 1977.
- A. J. Werth, “Adaptations of the cetacean hyolingual apparatus for aquatic feeding and thermoregulation,” Anatomical Record, vol. 290, no. 6, pp. 546–568, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. J. Ford and S. D. Kraus, “A rete in the right whale,” Nature, vol. 359, no. 6397, article 680, 1992. View at Scopus
- G. Dehnhardt, B. Mauck, and H. Hyvärinen, “Ambient temperature does not affect the tactile sensitivity of mystacial vibrissae in harbour seals,” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 201, no. 22, pp. 3023–3029, 1998. View at Scopus
- S. E. Parks, J. D. Warren, K. Stamieszkin, C. A. Mayo, and D. Wiley, “Dangerous dining: surface foraging of North Atlantic right whales increases risk of vessel collisions,” Biology Letters, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 57–60, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. J. Johnson, S. D. Kraus, J. F. Kenney, and C. A. Mayo, “The entangled lives of right whales and fishermen: can they co-exist?” in The Urban Whale: North Atlantic Right Whales at the Crossroads, S. D. Kraus and R. M. Rolland, Eds., pp. 380–408, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, USA, 2007.
- T. Johnson, Entanglements: The Intertwined Fates of Whales and Fishermen, University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Fla, USA, 2005.