Species Richness and Diversity of Resident and Migratory Landbirds in Remnant Forest Patches and Residential Areas in the Florida Keys, USA

Table 2

Migratory (MS) and year-round resident (YR) species recorded during point counts in the Florida Keys during March–May 2004 and 2005 in residential and conservation areas with varying levels of intact native hammock forest cover. Species are listed from most frequently to least frequently observed during point counts. Total observations are reported for each species as frequency (number of point counts in which species was recorded) and abundance (total number of birds recorded). Percent frequency and percent abundance are provided in parentheses and reflect the relative frequency and abundance of each species within its migratory classification. Detection rates (frequency and abundance) are provided for each species for point count sites categorized by the amount of native hammock cover present: <10% (42 sites, 𝑛=420 point counts), 15–52% (17 sites, 𝑛=170 point counts), 65–100% (27 sites, 𝑛=268 point counts). Life history details for each species are provided in footnotes. Species with known resident populations were classified as resident species, even if migratory individuals are reported to occur. Classification of migratory and resident status was based on The Birds of North America Online [17] and, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission [18]. Nomenclature is consistent with the American Ornithologist’s Union Check-list of North American Birds [19].

Species, migratory classification, and life-history notes	Total observations		Detection rate (frequency)			Detection rate (abundance)
			by % hammock cover			by % hammock cover
	Frequency (%)	Abundance (%)	<10%	15–52%	65–100%	<10%	15–52%	65–100%
Migratory Species (MS) (𝑛=47)
PalmWarbler^a; Dendroica palmarum	157 (20)	468 (29)	0.186	0.182	0.179	0.624	0.453	0.481
Gray Catbird^a; Dumetella carolinensis	149 (19)	251 (16)	0.171	0.153	0.190	0.312	0.277	0.272
Black-whiskered Vireo^cde; Vireo altiloquus	51 (7)	63 (4)	0.019	0.065	0.119	0.019	0.106	0.138
American Redstart^a; Setophaga ruticilla	48 (6)	107 (7)	0.043	0.065	0.071	0.098	0.118	0.172
Gray Kingbird^c; Tyrannus dominicensis	45 (6)	87 (5)	0.079	0.047	0.015	0.162	0.077	0.022
Black-and-white Warbler^a; Mniotilta varia	44 (6)	97 (6)	0.019	0.047	0.105	0.038	0.124	0.224
Red-eyed Vireo^b; Vireo olivaceus	38 (5)	48 (3)	0.012	0.018	0.112	0.014	0.018	0.146
White-crowned Pigeon^cde; Patagioenas leucocephala	30 (4)	53 (3)	0.026	0.041	0.045	0.045	0.065	0.086
Ovenbird^a; Seiurus aurocapillus	28 (4)	31 (2)	0.002	0.047	0.071	0.002	0.059	0.075
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher^a; Polioptila caerulea	26 (3)	41 (3)	0.014	0.018	0.063	0.026	0.029	0.093
Blackpoll Warbler^b; Dendroica striata	20 (3)	41 (3)	0.026	0.018	0.022	0.055	0.059	0.030
Common Yellowthroat^a; Geothylpis trichas	15 (2)	31 (2)	0.007	0.047	0.015	0.014	0.106	0.026
Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus	14 (2)	17 (1)	0.029	0.006	0.004	0.033	0.006	0.008
Black-throated Blue Warbler^a; Dendroica caerulescens	11 (1)	16 (1)	0.010	0.012	0.019	0.014	0.018	0.026
Cape May Warbler^a; Dendroica tigrina	11 (1)	27 (2)	0.010	0.012	0.019	0.017	0.012	0.067
Indigo Bunting^a; Passerina cyanea	11 (1)	33 (2)	0.019	0.018	0.000	0.057	0.053	0.000
Worm-eating Warbler^b; Helmitheros vermivorus	9 (1)	10 (1)	0.002	0.000	0.030	0.002	0.000	0.034
Magnolia Warbler^b; Dendroica magnolia	8 (1)	31 (2)	0.007	0.024	0.004	0.012	0.124	0.019
Blackburnian Warbler^b; Dendroica fusca	6 (1)	15 (1)	0.005	0.018	0.004	0.019	0.035	0.004
Brown-headed Cowbird^ad; Molothrus ater	6 (1)	9 (1)	0.014	0.000	0.000	0.021	0.000	0.000
Yellow-throated Warbler^a; Dendroica dominica	6 (1)	9 (1)	0.005	0.012	0.008	0.010	0.012	0.011
Painted Bunting^ae; Passerina ciris	3 (<1)	4 (<1)	0.005	0.000	0.004	0.007	0.000	0.004
Wood Thrush^b; Hylocichla mustelina	3 (<1)	5 (<1)	0.002	0.000	0.008	0.005	0.000	0.011
Yellow-billed Cuckoo^acd; Coccyzus americanus	3 (<1)	4 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.011	0.000	0.000	0.015
Yellow-rumped Warbler^a; Dendroica coronata	3 (<1)	3 (<1)	0.002	0.000	0.008	0.002	0.000	0.008
Yellow-throated Vireo^ab; Vireo flavifrons	5 (1)	6 (<1)	0.007	0.000	0.008	0.010	0.000	0.008
American Kestrel^a; Falco sparverius	2 (<1)	2 (<1)	0.002	0.006	0.000	0.002	0.006	0.000
Eastern Phoebe^a; Sayornis phoebe	2 (<1)	3 (<1)	0.002	0.000	0.004	0.002	0.000	0.008
Hooded Warbler^b; Wilsonia citrine	4 (1)	6 (<1)	0.002	0.000	0.011	0.002	0.000	0.019
Merlin^a; Falco sparverius	2 (<1)	2 (<1)	0.005	0.000	0.000	0.005	0.000	0.000
Nashville Warbler^b; Vermivora ruficapilla	2 (<1)	4 (<1)	0.002	0.000	0.004	0.007	0.000	0.004
Pine Warbler^a; Dendroica pinus	2 (<1)	2 (<1)	0.002	0.000	0.004	0.002	0.000	0.004
Prothonotary Warbler^be; Protonotaria citrea	2 (<1)	2 (<1)	0.002	0.000	0.004	0.002	0.000	0.004
Ruby-throated Hummingbird^a; Archilochus colubris	2 (<1)	4 (<1)	0.005	0.000	0.000	0.010	0.000	0.000
Scarlet Tanager^b; Piranga olivacea	2 (<1)	5 (<1)	0.000	0.006	0.004	0.000	0.012	0.011
Summer Tanager^b; Piranga olivacea	2 (<1)	4 (<1)	0.000	0.006	0.004	0.000	0.018	0.004
Swainson's Warbler^b; Limnothylpis swainsonii	2 (<1)	2 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.008	0.000	0.000	0.008
Blue Grosbeak^b; Guiraca caerulea	1 (<1)	2 (<1)	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.005	0.000	0.000
Cedar Waxwing^a; Bombycilla cedrorum	1 (<1)	45 (3)	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.107	0.000	0.000
Common Nighthawk^c; Chordeiles minor	1 (<1)	1 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.004
Northern Parula^a; Parula Americana	1 (<1)	4 (<1)	0.000	0.006	0.000	0.000	0.024	0.000
Northern Rough-winged Swallow^a; Stelgidopteryx serripennis	1 (<1)	1 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.004
Rose-breasted Grosbeak^b; Pheucticus ludovicianus	1 (<1)	1 (<1)	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.002	0.000	0.000
Ruby-crowned Kinglet^b; Regulus calendula	1 (<1)	1 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.004
Tree Swallow^a; Tachycineta bicolor	1 (<1)	1 (<1)	0.000	0.006	0.000	0.000	0.006	0.000
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker^a; Sphyrapicus varius	1 (<1)	1 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.004
Yellow-breasted Chat^b; Wilsonia citrine	1 (<1)	1 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.004
Migratory totals (Freq., Abun.) and mean detection rates	784 (100)	1601 (100)	0.016	0.019	0.026	0.038	0.039	0.044
Resident Species (YR); (n = 21)
Northern Cardinal; Cardinalis cardinalis	473 (20)	962 (21)	0.457	0.635	0.646	0.902	1.341	1.325
Eurasian Collared Dove^f; Streptopelia decaocto	455 (19)	1097 (24)	0.757	0.618	0.119	2.000	1.229	0.179
Red-bellied Woodpecker; Melanerpes carolinus	381 (16)	533 (11)	0.574	0.477	0.220	0.857	0.629	0.246
Blue Jay; Cyanocitta cristata	177 (7)	310 (7)	0.298	0.229	0.049	0.514	0.400	0.097
Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula	159 (7)	461 (10)	0.245	0.212	0.075	0.738	0.729	0.101
Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos	134 (6)	195 (4)	0.257	0.129	0.015	0.381	0.182	0.015
Mourning Dove^g; Zenaida macroura	131 (5)	185 (4)	0.217	0.159	0.049	0.321	0.212	0.052
Great Crested Flycatcher^g; Myiarchus crinitus	103 (4)	133 (3)	0.164	0.100	0.063	0.221	0.129	0.067
Red-winged Blackbird^g; Agelaius phoeniceus	101 (4)	206 (4)	0.157	0.082	0.078	0.383	0.135	0.082
White-eyed Vireo^g; Vireo griseus	88 (4)	143 (3)	0.005	0.077	0.272	0.005	0.129	0.444
European Starling^f; Sturnus vulgaris	86 (4)	250 (5)	0.188	0.035	0.004	0.533	0.135	0.011
Prairie Warbler^eg Dendroica discolor	42 (2)	66 (1)	0.026	0.024	0.101	0.038	0.059	0.149
Red-shouldered Hawk^g; Buteo lineatus	33 (1)	38 (1)	0.033	0.053	0.037	0.041	0.059	0.041
Common Ground-dove^eg; Columbina passerine	13 (1)	16 (<1)	0.014	0.018	0.015	0.019	0.018	0.019
Northern Flicker^g; Colaptes auratus	12 (1)	15 (<1)	0.010	0.024	0.015	0.014	0.024	0.019
Mangrove Cuckoo^eh; Coccyzus minor	11 (1)	13 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.041	0.000	0.000	0.049
White-winged Dove^fg; Zenaida asiatica	9 (<1)	14 (<1)	0.017	0.012	0.000	0.026	0.018	0.000
Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus	4 (<1)	6 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.015	0.000	0.000	0.022
Monk Parakeet^f; Myiopsitta monachus	4 (<1)	14 (<1)	0.002	0.018	0.000	0.002	0.077	0.000
Great Horned Owl; Bubo virginianus	1 (<1)	1 (<1)	0.000	0.000	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.004
Yellow Warbler^e; Dendroica petechial	1 (<1)	1 (<1)	0.000	0.006	0.000	0.000	0.006	0.000
Resident totals (Freq., Abun.) and mean detection rates	2418 (100)	4659 (100)	0.163	0.139	0.087	0.333	0.262	0.139

^aNeotropical migrant that includes individuals that winter and stopover in the Florida Keys.
^bNeotropical migrant that uses the Florida Keys exclusively or primarily as stopover habitat.
^cNeotropical migrant that includes individuals that use the Florida Keys primarily as a breeding destination.
^dResident population may be established in Florida Keys, but majority of individuals thought to be migratory.
^eBird of Conservation Concern [20].
^fNonnative species.
^gYear-round resident population exists in Florida Keys, but migratory individuals also travel to Keys as a winter destination.
^hHistorically considered migratory with Florida Keys a breeding destination, but evidence for migration is weak, winter sightings have been documented, and resident population suspected.