What Explains Forest Grouse Mortality: Predation Impacts of Raptors, Vole Abundance, or Weather Conditions?

Figure 5

Predation rates of black grouse chicks by common buzzards (°) and goshawks (●) in South Ostrobothnia and Oulu area. Dots denote means and bars 95% confidence limits for randomised predation rate values. Time series of the two study areas are separated by dotted line.