What Explains Forest Grouse Mortality: Predation Impacts of Raptors, Vole Abundance, or Weather Conditions?

Table 1

Model designs to explain variation in loss of grouse chicks during 2 summer months in study areas of South Ostrobothnia and Oulu in western Finland.

Model		Sign of correlation	Hypothesis
1	Voles	+	APH
2	Voles, area	+, area effect	APH
3	Voles, area, area*voles	+, 0, area effect	APH
4	Goshawk	−	MPH
5	Goshawk, area	−, area effect	MPH
6	Goshawk, voles	−, +	PFH
7	Goshawk, area, voles, area*voles	−, +, 0, area effect	PFH
8	Goshawk, voles, weather	−, +, +	PFH, weather
9	Weather	+	Weather
10	Global model