Spatial Variation in Bird Community Composition in Relation to Topographic Gradient and Forest Heterogeneity in a Central Amazonian Rainforest

Table 1

Mantel randomization tests on forest structure components in relation to position of the sampling plots (geographical coordinates) in the 72 plots at the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, central Amazonia.

Variable	Correlation value (𝑟)	(Significance) 𝑃 value
Tree abundance	0.048	0.040
Abundance of snags	−0.032	0.959
Abundance of fallen logs	−0.005	0.600
Mean leaf litter depth	0.065	0.020
Distance to nearest stream	0.032	0.550
Mean canopy openness	0.092	0.0001
Elevation	0.031	0.050