Ecological Gradients Influencing Waterbird Communities in Black Water Lakes in the Anavilhanas Archipelago, Central Amazonia

Table 2

The species of birds associated with aquatic environments at the Anavilhanas Archipelago, central Brazilian Amazonia, total numbers recorded in lakes (NB), body weights in grams (Wt.), the strictly aquatic and/or piscivorous (Aq./Pisc.) species used in statistical analyses, their statuses in the study area, the designations and numbers (NL) of lakes in which they occurred, and the percentages (%) of these numbers relative to the total numbers of lakes (= N × 100/45), see code meanings at the end of the table.

	Scientific name	Bird species Portuguese common and/or local (*) name	English name	NB	Wt.	Aq./Pisc.	Status	Lakes in which birds occurred; (see names, types, and locations in Table 3)	NL	(%)
1	Phalacrocorax brasilianus	Biguá, miuá*	Neotropic Cormorant	499	1,300	A, P	r, b	4–7, 7-A,10–12,15,15-A,16–23, 19-A, 19-B, 25, 27–31, 31-A, 32–47	42	93.3
2	Dendrocygna autumnalis	Marrequinha*	Black-bellied Whistling-duck	474	740	A	ps+, b	5, 12, 15, 19-A	04	8.8
3	Crotophaga major	Coroca*	Greater Ani	383	170	A	r, b	4–7, 7-A, 10–12, 15–18, 15-A, 18-A, 19, 19-A, 20, 25, 27–32, 31-A, 27, 29–31, 33–35, 37, 40–42, 45, 46	31	68.8
4	Cairina moschata	Pato-selvagem*	Muscovy Duck	352	3,000	A	r, b	4–7, 7-A, 10–12, 15–19, 15-A, 18-A, 19-A, 21, 22, 25, 27, 29–32, 31-A, 33–35, 39–43, 45–47	36	80.0
5	Ardea cocoi	Maguari*	White-necked Heron	271	2,100	A, P	r, b	4–7, 7-A, 10–12, 15–19, 15-A, 18-A, 19–23, 19-A, 25–27, 29–32, 31-A, 33–47	43	95.5
6	Ardea alba	Garça-branca-grande	Great Egret	235	885	A, P	ps+, b	4, 5, 7, 7-A, 10–12, 15–23, 15-A, 18-A, 19-A, 19-B, 25, 26, 27–36, 31-A, 40–42, 44–47	40	85.1
7	Anhinga anhinga	Anhinga, Carará*	Anhinga	138	1,200	A, P	ps+	5, 10–12, 15–19, 15-A, 18-A, 19-A, 21–23, 25, 27–35, 31-A, 37, 39–47	36	80.0
8	Phaetusa simplex	Gaivota*	Large-billed Tern	121	240	A, P	r, b	19-A, 23, 31, 35–37, 39, 46, 47	9	20.0
9	Progne subis	Andorinha-púrpura	Purple Matrin	103	47		vn	47	1	2.2
10	Megaceryle torquata	Ariramba-grande*	Ringed Kingfisher	94	300	A, P	r	4–7, 7-A, 10, 11, 15–21, 15-A, 18-A, 19-A,19-B, 23, 26, 28–47, 31-A	41	91.1
11	Pandion haliaetus	Gavião-caipira	Osprey	89	1,500	A, P	vn	4, 5, 7, 7-A, 10, 12, 15–23, 15-A, 18-A, 19-A, 25, 27, 28, 30–37, 31-A, 39, 47	38	84.4
12	Progne tapera	Andorinha-do-campo	Brown-chested Martin	89	32		u	6, 7-A, 11, 15, 18, 18-A, 19, 19-A, 22, 25, 28–34, 31-A, 36, 37, 39–41, 43–47	27	60.0
13	Coragyps atratus	Urubu	Black Vulture	87	1,350		r, b	5–7, 10, 11, 15-A, 16–20, 18-A, 22, 23, 25, 29–33, 31-A, 35, 39, 41, 45, 47	26	57.7
14	Tachycineta albiventer	Andorinha-de-rio	White-winged Swallow	75	17	A	r, b	10, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22, 27, 28, 31, 31-A, 32, 33–41, 44, 45, 47	23	51.1
15	Progne chalybea	Andorinha-grande	Gray-breasted Martin	62	39		u	10,11, 31, 31-A, 32, 34, 40, 42, 45, 47	10	22.2
16	Butorides striatus	Socozinho	Striated Heron	59	175	A, P	r, b	4, 5, 7, 10–12, 15, 15-A, 19, 19-A, 20, 22, 23, 25–27, 29–32, 39, 41, 42, 45	28	62.2
17	Sternula superciliaris	Gaivotinha*	Yellow-billed Tern	58	46	A, P	r, b	10, 16, 30, 31, 31-A, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47	13	28.8
18	Mesembrinibis cayennensis	Corocoró, curubá*	Green Ibis	54	720	A	r, b	4, 7, 10–12, 15, 15-A, 16, 18, 19, 19-A, 27, 29–33, 31-A, 39, 41, 45, 47	22	48.8
19	Amazona festiva	Paqpagaio-da-várzea	Festive Parrot	54	400		u	6, 7, 15, 16, 18, 19, 32, 33, 39, 40, 45, 47	12	26.6
20	Patagioenas cayennensis	Pomba-galega	Pale-vented Pigion	41	260		r	5, 7, 10, 15–19, 23, 25, 29, 30, 31-A, 32, 34, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47	21	44.7
21	Egretta thula	Garça-branca-pequena	Snowy Egret	39	330	A, P	ps+, b	4, 12, 15, 15-A, 16, 17, 18-A, 29, 31, 31-A, 32, 45	12	26.6
22	Heliornis fulica	Patinha-do-igapó*	Sungrebe	25	130	A	r, b	4–6, 10, 11, 15, 15-A, 16, 17, 19, 19-B, 20, 22, 25, 27, 31-A, 34–36, 39	20	44.4
23	Cathartes melambrotus	Urubu-da-mata	Greater Yellow-headed Vulture	24	1600		r	6, 11, 18, 19, 22, 25, 27, 31, 31-A, 34, 40–41, 47	13	28.8
24	Chloroceryle amazona	Ariramba-média*	Amazon Kingfisher	24	110	A, P	r	4, 5, 7-A, 17, 18-A, 19, 30, 31-A, 35, 36, 39, 41	12	26.6
25	Ara ararauna	Arara-canindé	Blue-and-yellow Macaw	23	1300		u	6, 15-A, 16, 19, 23, 33, 41	7	15.5
26	Paroaria gularis	Cardeal-da-Amazônia	Red-capped Cardinal	20	22		r, b	10, 19, 19-A, 31, 31-A, 33–36, 40, 45	11	24.4
27	Chloroceryle americana	Ariramba-pequena*	Green Kingfisher	19	27	A, P	r	5, 7-A, 15, 17, 18-A, 19, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 40, 41, 44, 46	16	35.5
28	Buteogallus urubitinga	Gavião-preto	Black Hawk	16	1,100	A	r, b	5, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 28–32, 31-A, 37, 41, 45	16	35.5
29	Geranospiza caerulescens	Gavião-pernilongo, gavião	Crane Hawk	12	330	A	r	10, 18, 23, 28, 31, 32, 35, 40, 45–47	11	24.4
30	Buteo magnirostris	Gavião-pega-pinto*	Roadside Hawk	11	265		r, b	4, 7, 15, 18, 18-A, 22, 30, 35, 39, 46	10	22.2
31	Bubulcus ibis	Garça-dos-bois*	Cattle Egret	10	340	A	r, b	12, 15	2	4.4
32	Chloroceryle aenea	Ariramba-miudinha*	American Pygmy Kingfisher	9	15	A, P	r	27, 31-A, 34, 37, 40, 45	6	13.3
33	Milvago chimachima	Caracaraí*	Yellow-headed Caracara	9	325		r, b	10,11,16,21, 31, 32, 33, 45, 47	9	20.0
34	Tigrisoma lineatum	Socó-boi, socó-onça*	Rufescent Tiger-Heron	8	840	A, P	r, b	15,15-A,18-A, 25, 31-A	5	10.6
35	Opisthocomus hoazin	Cigana	Hoatzin	7	820	A	r, b	15, 19-A, 22	3	6.6
36	Actitis macularia	Maçarico-pintado	Spotted sandpiper	5	60		vn	18, 32	2	4.4
37	Crotophaga ani	Anu-preto	Smooth-billed Ani	4	95		r, b	15-A, 33, 43	3	6.6
38	Callidris fuscicollis	Maçarico-de-sobre-branco	White-rumped sandpiper	3	60		vn	12, 30	2	4.4
39	Sturnella militaris	Polícia-inglesa-do-norte	Red-breasted Blackbird	3	48		v	12, 22	2	4.4
40	Limosa haemastica	Maçarico	Hudsonian Godwit	3	270		vn	12	1	2.2
41	Ramphastos tucanus	Tucano-de-papo-branco	White-throated toucan	3	600		r	16, 33, 46	3	6.6
42	Aramides cajanea	Saracura-três-potes	Gray-necked wood-rail	2	410	A	r	16, 17	2	4.4
43	Busarellus nigricollis	Gavião-panema*	Black-collared Hawk	2	650	A, P	r, b	33, 39	2	4.4
44	Chloroceryle inda	Martim-pescador-da-mata	Green-and-rufous Kingfisher	2	52	A	r, b	36	1	2.2
45	Eurypyga helias	Pavãozinho*	Sunbittern	2	220	A	r	20, 41	2	4.4
46	Agamia agami	Garça-da-mata	Chesnut-bellied heron	1	580	A, P	r	16	1	2.2
47	Anhima cornuta	Alencorne*	Horned Screamer	1	3,100	A	r, b	41	1	2.2
48	Tigrisoma fasciatum NR	Socó-boi-cinza	Fasciated Tiger -Heron	1	850	A, P	r	18-A	1	2.2
				Total: 3626

Bird species, NR: new record for the Anavilhanas; Wt.: weight data for bird species taken from [35]; Aq./Pisc.: A: species strictly associated with aquatic environments (aquatic bird community); P: primarily piscivorous species. Status in the study area [67]; b: breeding confirmed; ps+: resident year-round, but related mostly with the low-water season; r: resident year-round; u: unknown; v: vagrant; vn: boreal migrant.